This paper presents the output of our fifth annual horizon-scanning exercise, which aims to identify topics that increasingly may affect conservation of biological diversity, but have yet to be widely considered. A team of professional horizon scanners, researchers, practitioners, and a journalist identified 15 topics which were identified via an iterative, Delphi-like process. The 15 topics include a carbon market induced financial crash, rapid geographic expansion of macroalgal cultivation, genetic control of invasive species, probiotic therapy for amphibians, and an emerging snake fungal disease.

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Horizon scan of global conservation issues for 2011

After providing an overview of climate change and its effects, this article draws on the leading crime theories to discuss the potential impact of climate change on crime. It is argued that climate change will increase strain, reduce social control, weaken social support, foster beliefs favorable to crime, contribute to traits conducive to crime, increase certain opportunities for crime, and create social conflict. An overall model of climate change and crime is then presented, along with suggestions for research. Even though neglected by criminologists, there is good reason to believe that climate change will become one of the major forces driving crime as the century progresses.

Dire forecast: A theoretical model of the impact of climate change on crime

We seek to conceptualize social responsibility for operations management (OM) research to develop a social responsibility lens through which to view operations. To do so, we first consider the corporate social responsibility, sustainability, as well as the bottom-ofthe-pyramid and shared value approaches and identify three challenges to developing such a lens: selecting the level of analysis, tackling the huge multitude of objectives, and developing theoretical underpinnings. We then propose a ‘stakeholder resource-based view’ (SRBV) building on resource-based view, stakeholder theory, and utility theory to address these challenges. Under SRBV, all stakeholders are treated on a par with each other. These different stakeholders are all presumed to seek maximizing their respective (expected) utility, with different drivers shaping their preferences and do so they use their respective resources, routines and dynamic capabilities. SRBV provides (a) a descriptive framework for qualitative research, (b) an instrumental framework for empirical research, and (c) a normative framework for analytical research. It enables tackling many opportunities for OM research to do with social responsibility and we outline some of these in each of the three types of research methodologies.

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Conceptualizing Social Responsibility in Operations via Stakeholder Resource-Based View

We review the conservation issues facing migratory shorebird populations that breed in temperate regions and use wetlands in the non-breeding season. Shorebirds are excellent model organisms for understanding ecological, behavioural and evolutionary processes and are often used as indicators of wetland health. A global team of experienced shorebird researchers identified 45 issues facing these shorebird populations, and divided them into three categories (natural, current anthropogenic and future issues). The natural issues included megatsunamis, volcanoes and regional climate changes, while current anthropogenic threats encompassed agricultural intensification, conversion of tidal flats and coastal wetlands by human infrastructure developments and eutrophication of coastal systems. Possible future threats to shorebirds include microplastics, new means of recreation and infectious diseases. We suggest that this review process be broadened to other taxa to aid the identification and ranking of current and future conservation actions.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1474-919X.2012.01261.x

A horizon scanning assessment of current and potential future threats to migratory shorebirds

Illegal wildlife trade is a pervasive and destructive crime that is contributing to biodiversity loss and species extinction around the globe. This is particularly true in Vietnam where, it is proposed, the convergence of four factors creates the conditions for the illegal wildlife trade to flourish. The human-centered approach to Vietnam’s diverse ecosystem, historic consumption of wildlife, rapidly developing economy, and embryonic environmental legislation has resulted in the continued degradation of a unique and important environment. Furthermore, until recently criminological research of such green crimes has either been lacking or equally human-centered. This article details the nature and extent of wildlife trafficking in Vietnam and introduces to this context an expanded notion of harm, including the environment and other species, of a green criminological perspective to this exploration. The aim is that, by proposing a new framework in which to evaluate the illegal wildlife trade and other green crimes in Vietnam, new and innovative strategies addressing the convergent factors might be developed that will aid in stopping the illegal wildlife trade and other green crimes.

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A Green Criminological Exploration of Illegal Wildlife Trade in Vietnam

Introduction Part 1: Conceptual and Methodological Foundations 1.Green Criminology and Environmental Crime 2. Eco-global Criminology and Transnational Environmental Crime 3. Eco-Justice and Ecocide 4. Dimensions of Environmental Crime 5. Researching Environmental Harm Part 2: Transgression and Victimisation 6. Climate Change and Social Conflict 7. Abuse and Harm to Animals 8. Threats to Biodiversity 9. Pollution and Toxic Waste 10. Environmental Victims Part 3: Intervention and Prevention 11. Environmental Regulation 12. Environmental Law Enforcement 13. Environmental Forensic Studies 14. Environmental Courts 15. Environmental Crime Prevention Conclusion

Green Criminology: An Introduction to the Study of Environmental Harm

The world is rapidly changing due to climate change and the systematic depletion of natural resources. This paper provides a glimpse over the horizon of issues likely to be of interest to European criminology in the not so distant future. Our concern is to identify a set of issues and trends that have significant theoretical, methodological and policy implications for those with an interest in transnational environmental crime. The concerns range from the social consequences of climate change through to the use of the subterranean spaces of the planet as a toxic repository. This paper presents a brief summary of several horizon issues and explores the implications of these for criminological research and intervention. The paper provides an introduction and overview of environmental horizon scanning as informed by eco-global criminological considerations.

Environmental Horizon Scanning and Criminological Theory And Practice

This chapter explores a variety of methods, tools and routes that can be employed to research environmental harms and crimes, noting that such research tends to be international in scope and politically sensitive, and highlighting the significance of looking to the future as well as to the present and the past. The chapter considers: when to conduct research; questions regarding the geographical scale of research; what data to collect and how; and issues pertaining to knowledge and voice. Key topics in this chapter relate to the practice of horizon scanning, socio-legal analysis, case studies, ethnography and cross-national comparison in the area of green criminological research. The chapter opens avenues for research by both beginning and seasoned scholars of green criminology, while at the same time lending a lens through which readers might more fully appreciate the range of methodologies employed by authors throughout the second edition of the Routledge International Handbook of Green Criminology.

Innovative approaches to researching environmental crime

Studying Environmental Crime: key words, acronyms and sources of information

This chapter examines the issue of climate change, extreme events and natural disaster and the way in which gender relations place men and women differently at risk depending on the type and pace of an event and where it occurs. Using concrete examples from the literature, we explore some of the experiences of males and females, and of adults, youth and children in response to different events across the world. In the process, questions arise about the role of gender in shaping the perspectives, vulnerabilities and responses of different groups. Other issues raised include gender bias in the discourses surrounding climate change and environmental degradation, the significance of change and conflict as in gender relations, and the need for a repository of knowledge that is context-specific to location and type of event as well as respectful of the diverse gender landscapes of different communities of people around the world. The chapter concludes with a proposal to draw on the principles of crime prevention (factors influencing situational and opportunistic crimes) and the practice of horizon scanning (extrapolating what is currently known about gendered landscape of climate change and disaster to future events) to formulate contingency plans to mitigate potential environmental degradation, reduce crime and criminality during disasters and avert gendered victimisation.

Diane Heckenberg

Papers

Green Criminology: An Introduction to the Study of Environmental Harm

Environmental Horizon Scanning and Criminological Theory And Practice

Innovative approaches to researching environmental crime

Studying Environmental Crime: key words, acronyms and sources of information

Climate Change, Gender and Natural Disasters: Social Differences and Environment-Related Victimisation