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Using Multivariate Statistics

Principles and Practice of Structural Equation Modeling (2nd ed.)

https://science.sciencemag.org/content/sci/5/110/206.full.pdf

The american psychological association.

Meta-analyses of sex differences in physical aggression to heterosexual partners and in its physical consequences are reported. Women were slightly more likely (d = -.05) than men to use one or more act of physical aggression and to use such acts more frequently. Men were more likely (d =. 15) to inflict an injury, and overall, 62% of those injured by a partner were women. The findings partially support previous claims that different methods of measurement produce conflicting results, but there was also evidence that the sample was an important moderator of effect size. Continuous models showed that younger aged dating samples and a lower proportion of physically aggressive males predicted effect sizes in the female direction. Analyses were limited by the available database, which is biased toward young dating samples in the United States. Wider variations are discussed in terms of two conflicting norms about physical aggression to partners that operate to different degrees in different cultures.

/pdf/sex-differences-in-aggression-between-heterosexual-partners-2bwmfkidg7.pdf

Sex differences in aggression between heterosexual partners: a meta-analytic review.

Four meta-analyses were conducted to examine gender differences in personality in the literature (1958-1992) and in normative data for well-known personality inventories (1940-1992). Males were found to be more assertive and had slightly higher self-esteem than females. Females were higher than males in extraversion, anxiety, trust, and, especially, tender-mindedness (e.g., nurturance). There were no noteworthy sex differences in social anxiety, impulsiveness, activity, ideas (e.g., reflectiveness), locus of control, and orderliness. Gender differences in personality traits were generally constant across ages, years of data collection, educational levels, and nations.

/pdf/gender-differences-in-personality-a-meta-analysis-2pg68nke57.pdf

Gender differences in personality: A meta-analysis.

Two hundred thirty four women were interviewed to assess the relationship of emotional abuse to physical abuse. Six major types of emotional abuse were identified. Analyses determined if the types of emotional abuse were related to the frequency and severity of physical abuse. Women in long-term abusive relationships were contrasted with women experiencing only short-term abuse. Other comparisons consisted of: women who thought emotional abuse was worse than physical abuse vs. women who thought the opposite; and women who could predict physical abuse from the emotional abuse were compared with those who could not. The extent to which the women believed the men's threats and ridicule or thought their abusive behavior was justified was used as a factor to determine the impact of emotional abuse. Future research should investigate emotional abuse patterns in nonbattering relationships for comparison with battered women's experiences.

The role of emotional abuse in physically abusive relationships

Sex differences in motivations for and effects of dating violence are investigated using perceptions of both victims and perpetrators. A total of 495 college students (207 males and 288 females) completed a measure assessing motivation for and effects of dating violence along with a social desirability measure a state-trait anger expression inventory a justification of relationship violence measure and the Conflict Tactics Scale. Sex differences were evident in numerous motivations for and effects of dating violence and were also influenced by level of violence. Females were less likely to think force could be justifiable. Implications for the specific findings are discussed. (authors)

Sex Differences in Motivations and Effects in Dating Violence

Deviant drug use in adolescence: a review of psychosocial correlates.

The reach of violence against women (VAW) has been profoundly felt by women across the United States and around the globe. VAW has been documented for decades as a legal and social justice problem, but as illuminated in this review, it is also a substantial mental health concern. A full understanding of the phenomenon must include discussion of how often it occurs, in what forms, and to whom. This review defines violence against women in its variant forms and examines the literature on the mental health effects associated with these abuse experiences. The effectiveness of the mental health system's response to the complex needs of women suffering battering, rape, stalking, and psychological aggression is also examined. The future of research and the important role of the discipline of psychology in the future of this field of study are discussed.

/pdf/violence-and-women-s-mental-health-the-impact-of-physical-4fifxpmnmx.pdf

Diane R. Follingstad

Papers

The role of emotional abuse in physically abusive relationships

Sex Differences in Motivations and Effects in Dating Violence

Deviant drug use in adolescence: a review of psychosocial correlates.

Violence and Women's Mental Health: The Impact of Physical, Sexual, and Psychological Aggression

Violence in lesbian and gay relationships: Theory, prevalence, and correlational factors.