Rapidly increasing global competition, emergence of new markets, and technological advancements make today’s marketplace a highly dynamic and challenging environment for companies. Effective marketing is therefore crucial for organizations to survive and prosper in such an environment. Marketing is the process through which organizations develop and distribute products and services that satisfy the needs of customers. Customer satisfaction is critical to the profitable operations and growth of organizations and, as such, an integral component of modern-day marketing.

고객과 지식 Marketing

This article reflects on the contrast between justice and the social contract in the globalized world of the 21st century, which faces increasing insecurity and the expectations of sustainable development. It exposes the causes for the widespread global distrust that has been growing since the middle of the last century and is affecting the prospects of a safe world headed to sustainable development. It presents the agreement of the post-modern social contract in the Objectives of Sustainable Development (ODS) as the last opportunity to redirect the egalitarian coexistence of humanity, without compromising the next generations, as John Rawls indicates. It also stresses the importance of certainty in the development and security set out in these objectives as an essential characteristic of post-modernity.

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Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible

Evapotranspiration (ET) is the second largest component of the water cycle in arid and semiarid environments, and, in fact, more than 60% of the precipitation on earth is returned to the atmosphere through it MOD16 represents an operational source of ET estimates with adequate spatial resolution for several applications, such as water resources planning, at a regional scale However, the use of these estimates in routine applications will require MOD16 evaluation and validation using accurate ground-based measurements The main objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of the MOD16A2 product by comparing it with eddy covariance (EC) systems Additional objectives were the analysis of the limitations, uncertainties, and possible improvements of the MOD16-estimated ET The EC measurements were acquired for five sites and for a variety of land covers in northwestern Mexico The indicators used for the comparison were: root mean square error (RMSE), bias (BIAS), concordance index (d), and determination coefficient (R2) of the correlation, comparing measured and modelled ET The best performance was observed in Rayon (RMSE = 077 mm∙day−1, BIAS = −046 mm∙day−1, d = 088, and R2 = 086); El Mogor and La Paz showed errors and coefficients of determination comparable to each other (RMSE = 039 mm·day−1, BIAS = −004 mm∙day−1, R2 = 046 and RMSE = 042 mm·day−1, BIAS = −018 mm∙day−1, R2 = 045, respectively) In most cases, MOD16 underestimated the ET values

https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/10/7/901/pdf

Performance Assessment of MOD16 in Evapotranspiration Evaluation in Northwestern Mexico

We reviewed information on dairy cattle production systems in the tropics, the factors involved, and their influence on milk composition. Genetic factors had greater influence on milk production; specialized breeds produced more milk, and there was an inverse relation between the content of fat, protein, total solids, and the amount of milk produced. Season was related to the availability of forage, and the type of grazing system. Greater pasture area increased individual production, while a greater supply of feed concentrate did not increase milk production. The number of calvings positively affected milk production through the fifth calving, with subsequent declines in production. Milk production increased to a maximum and then declined as lactation progressed. Specialized systems had higher production and better hygienic milk quality; milking and container equipment are critical for maintaining milk sanitary quality. Factor interaction is highly complex, preventing the generation of specific recommendations and general principles applicable to the specific conditions for each system.

Tropical milk production systems and milk quality: a review

The aim of this study was to determine the socioeconomic, production characteristics and milk production cost of dual-purpose farms (DPF) oriented to milk production in a subtropical region of Central Mexico. The study focused on ten DPF that produce milk all year round, to gather socioeconomic characteristics of farmers (age, family structure, education level), farm resources (land holding, herd structure, infrastructure, management) and economic information during the year 2008. Family labour (FL) covers 66 % of labour needs. The average milk production cost was US$0.21, fluctuating from US$0.19 to US$0.31 during the rainy and dry season, respectively. Supplements and hired labour (HL) accounted for 48 and 35 % of milk production cost, respectively. Milk production generated daily incomes that covered daily operation costs of farms, as well as the economic needs of the farming family. Calves represented important incomes that ranged between 30 and 50 % of total annual farm incomes, cashed in once or twice a year. Milk production provides economic stability to DPF, whereas FL and low input use are key elements that allow low costs in the production of milk and calves in DPF in Central Mexico.

Socioeconomic and productive characterization of dual-purpose farms oriented to milk production in a subtropical region of Mexico

Caracterización socioeconómica y tecnológica de los agroecosistemas con bovinos de doble propósito de la región del papaloapan, veracruz, méxico (socioeconomical and technological characterization of agroecosystems with dual purpose cattle in the papaloapan region, veracruz, mexico)

The purpose of this study was to characterize the socioeconomic and technological components present in cattle in agro dual purpose of the area of the Papaloapan, Veracruz, Mexico. A survey was designed and implemented semi-structured interviews with producers in the Local Livestock Associations and cattle ranches of the 21 municipalities that make up the region under study. The variables were included social, technical and marketing. The sample size of 405 was producers who account for 4% of the total number of farmers in the region. We used cluster analysis, descriptive statistics and contingency tables. The cluster analysis, according to the variables considered, allow characterizing the producers (no groups): traditional, transitional and business. The age for these groups of farmers was 53±13, 54±15 and 56±12 years, and the animal charges were 42.8±38.9, 154.1±88.3 and 123.8±93.5, respectively. In general, the aim was zootechnical dual purpose cattle (86.9%), with extensive grazing pasture for free (98%) as the dominant system and a pattern of racial Swiss crosses x Cebu (79.8%) as the most representative.

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Socioeconomical and technological characterization of agroecosystems with dual purpose cattle in the the papaloapan region, veracruz, mexico

l objetivo del estudio fue caracterizar el sistema de ganado bovino de Doble Proposito (DP) de la region 01 Centro de Chiapas, Mexico y los factores socioeconomicos, tecnologicos y comerciales que limitan la produccion. El estudio se desarrollo de octubre de 2007 a mayo de 2008. Se aplico una encuesta aleatoria de 246 productores de una poblacion de 1240 productores, correspondientes a nueve municipios de los 22 que conforma la region 01 Centro de Chiapas. Se analizaron variables cuantitativas, calculando medias aritmeticas y porcentajes. En las variables cualitativas se realizaron tablas de frecuencias. Los datos fueron analizados utilizando el paquete estadistico Statistic ® 6.0. Los resultados del estudio mostraron que la edad promedio de los productores fue de 50 anos y con nivel de estudio de sexto de primaria promedio, 62 % son pequenos propietarios con un promedio de 26 ha y los ejidatarios representan solo 38 % con un promedio de 10 ha. La genetica de los hatos esta formada de ganado cebu/suizo (63 %), el ingreso economico es la ordena (67 %), con produccion promedio diario del hato de 54 l y el precio de venta del litro de leche a $2.62. Asi mismo, 61 % de los productores realizan la comercializacion de ganado y leche en el rancho. Aun no existe la organizacion empresarial y no han innovado tecnologia para mejorar los procesos de comercializacion.

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Caracterización de la ganadería de doble propósito en una región de Chiapas, México

Resumen es: Este estudio describe la calidad del suelo en terminos de macrofauna edafica en agroecosistemas de mango y cana de azucar (reciente y persistente) en la ...

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Macrofauna edáfica asociada a plantaciones de mango y caña de azúcar

The involvement of dung beetles on the dung degradation in a tropical pasture during the rainy and dry seasons was studied. The dung weight loss was evaluated with two treatments: dung covered with mesh (BT) and uncovered dung (BD). Thirty 2-kg dung pats were randomly placed on pasture in BT-BD pairs. Observations of the status and dung weight were made at each season at 4, 8, 16, 32, and 64 days, and the abundance and diversity of dung beetles were recorded. Euoniticellus intermedius, Digitonthophagus gazella and Copris lugubris were abundant in the first week in BD. The effect of treatment and time on the weight of dung was analyzed with a multiple linear regression model. The model allowed to calculated differences of weight loss between treatments and between times, and to determinate the time needed to have 80% of weight lost. Dung pats lost weight at a greater rate for the BD as compared to the BT treatment in both seasons. The weight loss of BT and BD both were higher and faster in the rainy season; in one month BD lost weight 92% and 67% for the BT units. In one month of the dry season BD lost 73% of their weight, while BT units lost 58%. In the rainy season 80% of dung weight loss was reached in 3 days for BD, and the same loss in 17 days for BT. In the dry season 80% of the dung weight was lost in 17 and 56 days for BD and BT respectively.

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Diego Esteban Platas-Rosado

Papers

Caracterización socioeconómica y tecnológica de los agroecosistemas con bovinos de doble propósito de la región del papaloapan, veracruz, méxico (socioeconomical and technological characterization of agroecosystems with dual purpose cattle in the papaloapan region, veracruz, mexico)

Socioeconomical and technological characterization of agroecosystems with dual purpose cattle in the the papaloapan region, veracruz, mexico

Caracterización de la ganadería de doble propósito en una región de Chiapas, México

Macrofauna edáfica asociada a plantaciones de mango y caña de azúcar

Degradación del estiércol vacuno por escarabajos estercoleros en un pastizal tropical de Veracruz, México