2 1 The innovative transport systems and the CityMobil project 10 1.1 The research questions 10 2 The state of art in the field of automatic transport systems 12 2.1 Case studies and demand studies for innovative transport systems 12 3 The design and implementation of surveys 14 3.1 Definition of experimental design 14 3.2 Questionnaire design and delivery 16 3.3 First analyses on the collected sample 18 4 Calibration of Logit Multionomial demand models 21 4.1 Methodology 21 4.2 Calibration of the “full” model. 22 4.3 Calibration of the “final” model 24 4.4 The demand analysis through the final Multinomial Logit model 25 5 The analysis of interaction between the demand and socioeconomic attributes 31 5.1 Methodology 31 5.2 Application of Mixed Logit models to the demand 31 5.3 Analysis of the interactions between demand and socioeconomic attributes through Mixed Logit models 32 5.4 Mixed Logit model and interaction between age and the demand for the CTS 38 5.5 Demand analysis with Mixed Logit model 39 6 Final analyses and conclusions 45 6.1 Comparison between the results of the analyses 45 6.2 Conclusions 48 6.3 Answers to the research questions and future developments 52

The European commission

Hydrogels for biomedical applications.

Over the past few years, nanocellulose (NC), cellulose in the form of nanostructures, has been proved to be one of the most prominent green materials of modern times. NC materials have gained growing interests owing to their attractive and excellent characteristics such as abundance, high aspect ratio, better mechanical properties, renewability, and biocompatibility. The abundant hydroxyl functional groups allow a wide range of functionalizations via chemical reactions, leading to developing various materials with tunable features. In this review, recent advances in the preparation, modification, and emerging application of nanocellulose, especially cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs), are described and discussed based on the analysis of the latest investigations (particularly for the reports of the past 3 years). We start with a concise background of cellulose, its structural organization as well as the nomenclature of cellulose nanomaterials for beginners in this field. Then, different experimental procedures for the production of nanocelluloses, their properties, and functionalization approaches were elaborated. Furthermore, a number of recent and emerging uses of nanocellulose in nanocomposites, Pickering emulsifiers, wood adhesives, wastewater treatment, as well as in new evolving biomedical applications are presented. Finally, the challenges and opportunities of NC-based emerging materials are discussed.

/pdf/nanocellulose-from-fundamentals-to-advanced-applications-ecdehj4ngu.pdf

Nanocellulose: From Fundamentals to Advanced Applications

Corrosion and corrosion control

Renewable and sustainable biobased materials: An assessment on biofibers, biofilms, biopolymers and biocomposites

A concise review of current lignin production, applications, products and their environmental impact

Growing concerns over the environmental impact of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, uncertainty of future fossil fuel prices, geopolitical instability, and consumer preferences are a few factors driving the development and use of biomass as a source of renewable energy. Government mandates and policy frameworks have further built consensus for effective utilization of sustainable resources for energy. As a result, biomass derived densified solid biofuels have experienced a phenomenal growth in the last decade and are expected to grow by 56% during the three decades from 2010 to 2040. Solid biomass represents the largest share of biomass used for heat and electricity generation. Biomass sources range from agricultural, municipal, and commercial wastes, to forest-litter, and energy crops. Because of the varied nature of these sources, harvesting practices and the cost of transportation, several methods have been developed to densify the biomass. The long-term viability and growth of biobased energy products hinges on the technical innovation and wider societal acceptance of these products. This paper reviews multiple biomass feedstock, processing characteristics, product properties, transportation, and storage options. The paper also discusses the economics of densifying biomass, the impacts to regions where biomass utilization is implemented, outstanding challenges, and national and global trends in biomass utilization.

A review of densified solid biomass for energy production

Cellulose nanocrystal (CNCs)-reinforced poly(lactic acid) (PLA) nanocomposites were prepared using twin screw extrusion followed by injection molding. Masterbatch approach was used to achieve more efficient dispersion of CNCs in PLA matrix. Modified CNCs (b-CNCs) were prepared using benzoic acid as a nontoxic material through a green esterification method in a solvent-free technique. Transmission electron microscopy images did not exhibit significant differences in the structure of b-CNCs as compared with unmodified CNCs. However, a reduction of 6.6–15.5% in the aspect ratio of b-CNCs was observed. The fracture surface of PLA-b-CNCs nanocomposites exhibited rough and irregular pattern which confirmed the need of more energy for fracture. Pristine CNCs showed a decrease in the thermal stability of nanocomposites, however, b-CNCs nanocomposites exhibited higher thermal stability than pure PLA. The average storage modulus was improved by 38 and 48% by addition of CNCs and b-CNCs in PLA, respectively. The incorporation of b-CNCs increased Young’s modulus, ultimate tensile stress, elongation at break, and impact strength by 27.02, 10.90, 4.20, and 32.77%, respectively, however, CNCs nanocomposites exhibited a slight decrease in ultimate strength and elongation at break. VC 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018, 135, 46468.

https://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/pdf2018/fpl_2018_shojaeiarani002.pdf

Dilpreet S. Bajwa

Papers

A concise review of current lignin production, applications, products and their environmental impact

A review of densified solid biomass for energy production

Green esterification: a new approach to improve thermal and mechanical properties of poly(lactic acid) composites reinforced by cellulose nanocrystals

A review on cellulose nanocrystals as promising biocompounds for the synthesis of nanocomposite hydrogels.

Guayule as a wood preservative