Comparison of Perovskite Solar Cells with other Photovoltaics Technologies from the Point of View of Life Cycle Assessment

The perovskite solar cell (PSC) as an emerging and promising type has been extensively studied. In this study, a model for a PSC prepared in ambient air was established by using SCAPS-1D. After that, it was further analyzed through varying the defect density of the perovskite absorber layer (Nt), the thin film thickness and energy-level matching between the electron transport layer (ETL), the perovskite absorber layer and the hole transport layer (HTL), for a better understanding of the carrier features. The Nt varied from 1.000 × 1011 to 1.000 × 1017 cm−3. The performance of the solar cell is promoted with improved Nt. When Nt is at 1.000 × 1015 cm−3, the carrier diffusion length reaches μm, and the carrier lifetime comes to 200 nm. The thickness of the absorber layer was changed from 200 to 600 nm. It is shown that the absorber layer could be prepared thinner for reducing carrier recombination when at high Nt. The thickness effect of ETL and HTL is weakened, since Nt dominates the solar cell performance. The effect of the affinity of ETL (3.4–4.3 eV) and HTL (2.0–2.7 eV), together with three energy-level matching situations “ETL(4.2)+HTL(2.5)”, “ETL(4.0)+HTL(2.2)” and “ETL(4.0)+HTL(2.5)” on the performance of the solar cell were analyzed. It was found that the HTL with valence band 0.05 eV lower than that of the perovskite absorber layer could have a blocking effect that reduced carrier recombination. The effect of energy-level matching becomes more important with improved Nt. Energy-level matching between the ETL and perovskite absorber layer turns out counterbalance characteristic on Jsc and Voc, and the “ETL(4.0)+HTL(2.5)” case can result in solar cell with Jsc of 27.58 mA/cm2, Voc of 1.0713 V, FF of 66.02% and efficiency of 19.51%. The findings would be very useful for fabricating high-efficiency and low-cost PSC by a large-scale ambient air route. 

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The Effect of Energy Level of Transport Layer on the Performance of Ambient Air Prepared Perovskite Solar Cell: A SCAPS-1D Simulation Study

Efficient application of intermediate phase for highly-oriented MAPbI3 perovskite solar cells in ambient air

The preparation of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) in the air environment has attracted the attention of numerous experimenters due to its low preparation cost and the possibility of commercialization. Although the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of PSCs has increased rapidly and exceeded 25%, which is comparable to commercial polysilicon solar cells, most certified or reported high-efficiency perovskite solar cells are still confined to glove boxes or relatively small active areas in the air environment due to moisture, oxygen, high temperature, and ultraviolet (UV) factors. In this review, the factors that lead to perovskite degradation are reviewed, and the appropriate strategies for manufacturing high-efficiency and stable perovskite solar cells under environmental conditions are summarized to help the technology be commercialized for high-quality, stable, and large-area perovskite thin films in the air. 

Preparation of Perovskite Solar Cells in the Air: Degradation Mechanism and Prospects on Large‐area Fabrication

Perovskite solar cell’s Efficiency, Stability and Scalability: A Review

Developing fabrication method without glove-box is essential to industrialize the revolutionary development of perovskite solar cell (PSC). In this paper, infrared irradiation during the fabrication process was studied for the preparation of perovskite absorber layer in air ambience. The infrared irradiation could reduce the ambience moisture. And more importantly, it could offer stereoscopic uniform thermal radiation during the fabrication process to help prepare uniform perovskite absorber layer with decreased annealing temperature. The solar cell structure was Au/spiro-OMeTAD/CH3NH3PbI3/mesoporous TiO2/compact TiO2/FTO glass. The Au electrode was deposited by thermal evaporation. And the functional thin films 〈spiro-OMeTAD/CH3NH3PbI3/mesoporous TiO2/compact TiO2〉 were prepared by spin coating/spin coating and immersion method/spin coating/spin coating, respectively. The experimental result indicates that uniform and smooth perovskite absorber layer with good optical absorption and relative low Rs and Rsh can be obtained by this route. The element distribution through the thin film is very uniform, demonstrating the perovskite is uniformly filled into the mesoporous TiO2 layer. The atom ratio of the Pb and I is estimated to be 1:2.4. The fabricated PSC shows short-circuit photocurrent density (JSC) of 25.71 mA/cm2, open-circuit voltage (VOC) of 800 mV, fill factor (FF) of 42.45% and power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 8.73%. The simple and practical fabrication route without glove-box can be beneficial to industrial production of the PSC.

Dingchou Hao

Papers

Perovskite solar cells prepared under infrared irradiation during fabrication process in air ambience