Use of Alcalase in the production of bioactive peptides: A review.

Background The consumer demand for food that is minimally processed and that does not include artificial additives makes it necessary to look for new natural sources of preservatives and active packaging that extends the shelf-life of food products. Protein hydrolysates and biologically active peptides isolated from food proteins, due to their antioxidant and antimicrobial activity, can be used as natural food preservatives. In addition, it is possible to include them in packaging materials as active ingredients. Scope and approach In this paper, the possibilities of using protein hydrolysates and biopeptides are characterized as ingredients extending the shelf-life of food by adding them directly to food products, or as biodegradable ingredients of edible active packaging. The full implementation of bioactive peptides and protein hydrolysate is postponed by some challenges such as their low chemical stability, bitter taste and short-term effectiveness. Encapsulation, which is also discussed in this work, could help overcome these limitations. Key findings and conclusions It has been found that protein hydrolysates and their biopeptides directly added to food products, already in small doses, mostly inhibit fat oxidation and inhibit the growth of microorganisms. Edible active packaging materials with bioactive peptides and protein hydrolysates have shown effectiveness in inhibiting pathogenic microorganisms and lipid oxidation, improving food safety. In several studies, significant changes have been indicated in the mechanical properties and surface morphology of films with the addition of protein hydrolysate and peptides. Nonetheless, the direction of these changes depends on the type of incorporated protein hydrolysates. Protein hydrolysates and biologically active peptides are a promising alternative to synthetic preservatives and active ingredients of biopolymer films. However, further research should be carried out, focusing on the search for new sources of these compounds and assessing their safety.

Peptides and protein hydrolysates as food preservatives and bioactive components of edible films and coatings - A review

Bioactive peptides (BPs) are specific protein fragments that exert various beneficial effects on human bodies and ultimately influence health, depending on their structural properties and amino acid composition and sequences. By offering promising solutions to solve diverse health issues, the production, characterization, and applications of food-derived BPs have drawn great interest in the current literature and are of particular interest to the food and pharmaceutical industries. The microbial fermentation of protein from various sources is indubitably a novel way to produce BPs with numerous beneficial health effects. Apart from its lower cost as compared to enzymes, the BPs produced from microbial fermentation can be purified without further hydrolysis. Despite these features, current literature shows dearth of information on the BPs produced from food via microbial fermentation. Hence, there is a strong necessity to explore the BPs obtained from food fermentation for the development of commercial nutraceuticals and functional foods. As such, this review focuses on the production of BPs from different food sources, including the extensively studied milk and milk products, with emphasis on microbial fermentation. The structure-activity (antihypertensive, antioxidant, antimicrobial, opiate-like, anti-inflammatory, anticancer/antiproliferative, antithrombotic, hypolipidemic, hypocholesterolemic, and mineral binding) relationship, potential applications, future development, and challenges of BPs obtained from food fermentation are also discussed.

https://www.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/1541-4337.12651

Bioactive peptides from food fermentation: A comprehensive review of their sources, bioactivities, applications, and future development

The broad diversity of structures and the presence of numerous functional groups available for chemical modifications represent an enormous advantage for the development of safe, non-toxic, and cost-effective micellar drug delivery systems (DDS) based on natural biopolymers, such as polysaccharides, proteins, and peptides. Different drug-loading methods are used for the preparation of these micellar systems, but it appeared that dialysis is generally recommended, as it avoids the formation of large micellar aggregates. Moreover, the preparation method has an important influence on micellar size, morphology, and drug loading efficiency. The small size allows the passive accumulation of these micellar systems via the permeability and retention effect. Natural biopolymer-based micellar DDS are high-value biomaterials characterized by good compatibility, biodegradability, long blood circulation time, non-toxicity, non-immunogenicity, and high drug loading, and they are biodegraded to non-toxic products that are easily assimilated by the human body. Even if some recent studies reported better antitumoral effects for the micellar DDS based on polysaccharides than for commercial formulations, their clinical use is not yet generalized. This review is focused on the studies from the last decade concerning the preparation as well as the colloidal and biological characterization of micellar DDS based on natural biopolymers.

Micellar Drug Delivery Systems Based on Natural Biopolymers.

Bioactive peptides are a group of biological molecules that are normally buried in the structure of parent proteins and become active after the cleavage of the proteins. Another group of peptides is actively produced and found in many microorganisms and the body of organisms. Today, many groups of bioactive peptides have been marketed chemically or recombinantly. This article reviews the various production methods and sources of these important/ubiquitous and useful biomolecules. Their applications, such as antimicrobial, antihypertensive, antioxidant activities, blood-lipid-lowering effect, opioid role, antiobesity, ability to bind minerals, antidiabetic, and antiaging effects, will be explored. The types of pathways proposed for bioactive applications will be in the next part of the article, and at the end, the future perspectives of bioactive peptides will be reviewed. Reading this article is recommended for researchers interested in various fields of physiology, microbiology, biochemistry, and nanotechnology and food industry professionals.

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Bioactive Peptides: Synthesis, Sources, Applications, and Proposed Mechanisms of Action

Bioactive peptides can be defined as isolated small fragments of proteins which provide some physiological health benefits. They act as potential modifiers reducing the risk of many chronic diseases. To the best of our knowledge, limited literature is available for the methods of isolation of these peptides from different protein sources with their in vitro and vivo physiological effects. Also, there is a need to adopt healthy lifestyle choices for prevention of diseases, to counter increase in consumption of functional foods and nutraceuticals day-by-day. Thus, these peptides play a major role in the development of various functional foods. In the present study, attempts are made to review different physiological effects from peptides. Also, effects of processing on the peptides are discussed with special emphasis on its bioavailability, safety and future application for further development.

A Review on Bioactive Peptides: Physiological Functions, Bioavailability and Safety

Industrials and personal care products in drinking water are a major public health and environmental concern. In European framework directives and the US Environment Protection Agency, natural micro contaminants are listed in the first consideration. This paper provides a review of the significance of water purification. It's also an attempt to put out some broad concepts in terms of the processes that control demineralization and ultrafiltration. Reverse osmosis and electro dialysis are examples of advanced treatment methods but specifically on membrane separation process. And how it is better from all the separation and water treatment approaches. A brief review of the many strategies available for the removal of pollutants is provided here, with the goal of raising alertness of potential new approaches to water distillation. fouling of membrane is still a serious trouble in the region of membrane method. The latest and modern membrane automation will be obliging in resolving the issue regarding wastewater treatment activity for longer duration of time. 

Possible approaches for water purification in industries

Aim: This work aimed to develop a sustained released hydrophilic matrix tablet of Aceclofenac for better therapeutic action.  
Background: Conventional dosage form didn't provide the desired level of drug release. Even many-marketed sustained-release tablets didn't always meet the satisfactory level of drug release. It was a challenging job for pharmaceutical scientists to develop a well-sustained release formulation. Keeping this perspective in mind a robust sustained release formulation was designed, developed and optimized with nontoxic, inert viscoelastic, semisynthetic polymers which will be accepted worldwide. 
Objective: The objective of this research was to develop an Aceclofenac sustained released matrix tablet, which will deliver the desired level of drug release. 
Method: Aceclofenac sustained released tablet was prepared with Methocel                     K-100M Premium (Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose) and Unigel 270 (Pregelatinized starch). These two excipients were selected as independent formulation variables with three separate levels (high, intermediate and low). Nine batches of hydrophilic matrix tablets of Aceclofenac were prepared according to the 32 Factorial Design with an average weight of 365 mg/tablet. Each prepared batch of tablets was then evaluated for drug content, physical parameters and drug release. Mathematical models were then generated using Analysis of Variance employing Design-Expert Software version 8.0.7.1 for % cumulative release at T1 hr, T4 hr and T7 hr. FTIR spectroscopy was carried out to evaluate drug-excipients interaction after formulation. 
Results: Design-Expert Software after analyzing the release data of prepared 9 batches provides an optimized composition of formulation. The optimized batch showed desirable results for cumulative % release (CPR)T1hr, CPR T4hr and CPR T7hr are 35.61, 52.16 and 61.98 respectively.  
Conclusion: Application of statistical experimental design, the physicochemical studies and the in vitro-release study, the mathematically predicted formulation and its manufacturing and validation of aceclofenac sustained-release tablets showed great advancement from the trial-and-error method of development of sustained-release drug delivery systems.

Formulation Development, Evaluation and Statistical Optimization of the Release Rate of Oral Sustained Release Matrix Tablet of Aceclofena

A total of 12 substituted naphthoic acid-linked imidazothiadiazole derivatives were synthesized and evaluated for their anticancer potential against human lung cancer cell line A-549 and also for their antimicrobial activity by measuring zone of inhibition (mm) against S. aureus, B. subtilis and E. coli, respectively. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value was also determined. The proposed derivatives showed moderate to good antimicrobial activity, especially derivatives C1, C2, C4, C5 and C10, were found to be most active, while other derivatives show minimal activity. Derivatives C1, C3, C4, C5, C10 and C12 showed good to moderate growth inhibition on human lung cancer cell line A-549.

Synthesis, spectral derivatization with anticancer and antimicrobial potential evaluation of novel naphthoic acid substituted imidazo [2,1-b][1,3,4]thiadiazoles

The challenge faced by government, various industries and academics to establish a relation between technology and society is material usage reinvention. An approach towards establishing this relationship is a set of changes in environment and interest of the people which create new materials (chemists) on a daily basis. This new approach which mainly aims to remove the fundamental risks instead of decreasing it by exposure is called as Green Chemistry. The approach i.e. Green chemistry aims to reduce any effect of chemicals on the health of humans and environment by using some healthy eco-friendly processes and reaction media. Green chemistry is a familiar branch of science which makes use of philosophical approach that includes the use of certain applications and principles which are contributing towards sustainable development. Presently, organic synthetic chemistry is the one major part of science which is using various solvents among which few are toxic and carcinogenic. Also, the main industrial waste is solvents only but if we choose carefully the use of solvent and its type then we can eliminate waste production and can increase reaction output. So, the present topic is mainly on the use of such carefully selected solvents which are eco-friendly so better known as green solvents: an approach towards green chemistry. The solvent selection, use of chemicals/solvents for dissolving purpose and for dissolution process are the targets of this approach. Newer advancements in this field will provide the success key towards green chemistry by improving economics of chemical manufacturing and by reducing hazards of chemically related to environment e.g. the drug Viagara (Sildenafil Citrate) is synthesized by using less amount of solvent, is a great achievement of Green Chemistry. 

Divya Bhandari

Papers

A Review on Bioactive Peptides: Physiological Functions, Bioavailability and Safety

Possible approaches for water purification in industries

Formulation Development, Evaluation and Statistical Optimization of the Release Rate of Oral Sustained Release Matrix Tablet of Aceclofena

Synthesis, spectral derivatization with anticancer and antimicrobial potential evaluation of novel naphthoic acid substituted imidazo [2,1-b][1,3,4]thiadiazoles

Green solvents toward green enviroment