Key-stream generators are discussed in which shift registers are clocked in a quasi-random manner under the control of other shift registers. They are a promising practical alternative to those using nonlinear combining functions on the outputs from regularly stepped shift registers and are now almost as well understood. Some World War II ciphers using stuttered rotors are briefly described as natural predecessors, including one cryptanalyzed on the Colossus machines. The algebraic theory is discussed, from which it is shown how large periods and linear equivalences can readily be obtained. The work of a number of authors on cascades is reviewed; these are linear hierarchies in which each register except the first is clock controlled by its predecessor. Other schemes are considered. Results on statistical properties and autocorrelation functions are quoted. >

Clock-controlled shift registers: a review

Since the first formal specifications of modern computing machinery as laid out by Alan Turing and his contemporary fellows, we have been witnessing, during the last three decades, an evolutionary path in computing towards more personalized and contextualized data and knowledge artifacts. Information sharing, co-ordination, co-operation and, to some extent, collaboration among machines has been envisioned for complex problem solving. A prominent example of this problem solving approach has been the Fifth Generation Computer Systems (FGCS) project as launched in Japan in the 1980s and based on the concept of calculation using massive parallelism in logic and hardware. Grid and Distributed Computing, also known as Future Generation Computer Systems, is another similar attempt to exploit massive parallelism in order to solve complex problems. In this article, we explore the notion of Collective Intelligence (CI) in the realm of the Social Web and its potential to become a new computing paradigm for creating solutions or strategies to tackle wicked problems where the synergistic interactions of a group of people with diverse cultural and professional backgrounds are requested.

Quo Vadis computer science: From Turing to personal computer, personal content and collective intelligence

The role of photographic intelligence during the Second World War at Royal Air Force (RAF) Medmenham and its predecessor at Wembley is investigated in this thesis. The development from 1939 to 1945 of photographic reconnaissance and photographic interpretation is examined. The growth of the Central Interpretation Unit (CIU) at Medmenham and its change to the Allied Central Interpretation Unit (ACIU) in 1944, with the arrival of a significant American influx is investigated. Medmenham is compared with Bletchley Park using an organisational lens to reveal similarities and differences in the growth and development of these two centralised intelligence organisations. The thesis then explores four case studies: Operation Sealion, the Nazi planned invasion of Britain in 1940, Operation Millennium, the first 1,000 bomber raid of the war in 1942, Operation Chastise, the Ruhr dams raid in 1943 and Operation Epsom, the first large scale operation after D-Day to capture Caen in June 1944. The primary methodology employed is a detailed examination of the photographic interpretation reports produced by Wembley and Medmenham during the operations. The core of the methodology used in this thesis, is an individual examination of every photographic interpretation report produced for each of the case studies. The thesis provides an innovative interpretation of the role and importance of photographic intelligence during the Second World War. It therefore makes an original contribution to intelligence history.

Medmenham: Anglo-American Photographic Intelligence in the Second World War

How can we harness nature’s power for computations? Our society comprises a collection of individuals, each of whom handles decision-making tasks that are abstracted as computational problems of finding the most profitable option from a set of options that stochastically provide rewards. Society is expected to maximize the total rewards, while the individuals compete for common rewards. Such collective decision making is formulated as the “competitive multi-armed bandit problem (CBP).” Herein, we demonstrate an analog computing device that uses numerous fluids in coupled cylinders to efficiently solve CBP for the maximization of social rewards, without paying the conventionally-required huge computational cost. The fluids estimate the reward probabilities of the options for the exploitation of past knowledge, and generate random fluctuations for the exploration of new knowledge for which the utilization of the fluid-derived fluctuations is more advantageous than applying artificial fluctuations. The fluid-derived fluctuations, which require exponentially-many combinatorial efforts when they are emulated using conventional digital computers, would exhibit their maximal computational power when tackling classes of problems that are more complex than CBP. Extending the current configuration of the device would trigger further studies related to harnessing the huge computational power of natural phenomena to solve a wide variety of complex societal problems.

https://www.mdpi.com/2409-9287/1/3/245/pdf

Harnessing the Computational Power of Fluids for Optimization of Collective Decision Making

During the centennial year of his birth Alan Turing 1912--1954 has been widely celebrated as having laid the foundations for Computer Science, Automated Decryption, Systems Biology and the Turing Test. In this paper we investigate Turing's motivations and expectations for the development of Machine Intelligence, as expressed in his 1950 article in Mind. We show that many of the trends and developments within AI over the last 50 years were foreseen in this foundational paper. In particular, Turing not only describes the use of Computational Logic but also the necessity for the development of Machine Learning in order to achieve human-level AI within a 50 year time-frame. His description of the Child Machine a machine which learns like an infant dominates the closing section of the paper, in which he provides suggestions for how AI might be achieved. Turing discusses three alternative suggestions which can be characterised as: 1 AI by programming, 2 AI by ab initio machine learning and 3 AI using logic, probabilities, learning and background knowledge. He argues that there are inevitable limitations in the first two approaches and recommends the third as the most promising. We compare Turing's three alternatives to developments within AI, and conclude with a discussion of some of the unresolved challenges he posed within the paper.

/pdf/alan-turing-and-the-development-of-artificial-intelligence-six731qouy.pdf

Alan Turing and the development of Artificial Intelligence

The bombe was an electromechanical machine devised by Alan Turing and Gordon Welchman for breaking the. German Enigma cipher in World War II. The way in which it used a reductio ad absurdum logic to reduce 263 possibilities to a few is a unique example of ingenious circuit design, which is described in detail. Its relationship to the Polish version of the ‘bombe’ is explored. The importance of the diagonal board is shown as is the threat that this device faced from the German's use of the ‘Enigma-Uhr’.

The bombe—a remarkable logic machine

The German cipher traffic called tunny which was broken at Bletchley Park using the Colossus machine was produced bu an in-line “cipher-attachment” made by Lorenz, Schlussel Zusatz or SZ42. This paper is a description of the way that the SZ42 operates and its mechanism.

The lorenz cipher machine sz42

Taylor & Francis makes every effort to ensure the accuracy of all the information (the “Content”) contained in the publications on our platform. However, Taylor & Francis, our agents, and our licensors make no representations or warranties whatsoever as to the accuracy, completeness, or suitability for any purpose of the Content. Any opinions and views expressed in this publication are the opinions and views of the authors, and are not the views of or endorsed by Taylor & Francis. The accuracy of the Content should not be relied upon and should be independently verified with primary sources of information. Taylor and Francis shall not be liable for any losses, actions, claims, proceedings, demands, costs, expenses, damages, and other liabilities whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with, in relation to or arising out of the use of the Content.

Donald W. Davies

Papers

The bombe—a remarkable logic machine

The lorenz cipher machine sz42

The Siemens and Halske T52e cipher machine

The siemens and halske t52e cipher machine

The early models of the seimens and halske t52 cipher machine