Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is broadly recognised as having the potential to play a key role in meeting climate change targets, delivering low carbon heat and power, decarbonising industry and, more recently, its ability to facilitate the net removal of CO2 from the atmosphere. However, despite this broad consensus and its technical maturity, CCS has not yet been deployed on a scale commensurate with the ambitions articulated a decade ago. Thus, in this paper we review the current state-of-the-art of CO2 capture, transport, utilisation and storage from a multi-scale perspective, moving from the global to molecular scales. In light of the COP21 commitments to limit warming to less than 2 °C, we extend the remit of this study to include the key negative emissions technologies (NETs) of bioenergy with CCS (BECCS), and direct air capture (DAC). Cognisant of the non-technical barriers to deploying CCS, we reflect on recent experience from the UK's CCS commercialisation programme and consider the commercial and political barriers to the large-scale deployment of CCS. In all areas, we focus on identifying and clearly articulating the key research challenges that could usefully be addressed in the coming decade.

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Carbon capture and storage (CCS): the way forward

A review on solid adsorbents for carbon dioxide capture

Carbon capture by physical adsorption: Materials, experimental investigations and numerical modeling and simulations - A review

Innovations in food packaging systems will help meet the evolving needs of the market, such as consumer preference for "healthy" and high-quality food products and reduction of the negative environmental impacts of food packaging. Emerging concepts of active and intelligent packaging technologies provide numerous innovative solutions for prolonging shelf-life and improving the quality and safety of food products. There are also new approaches to improving the passive characteristics of food packaging, such as mechanical strength, barrier performance, and thermal stability. The development of sustainable or green packaging has the potential to reduce the environmental impacts of food packaging through the use of edible or biodegradable materials, plant extracts, and nanomaterials. Active, intelligent, and green packaging technologies can work synergistically to yield a multipurpose food-packaging system with no negative interactions between components, and this aim can be seen as the ultimate future goal for food packaging technology. This article reviews the principles of food packaging and recent developments in different types of food packaging technologies. Global patents and future research trends are also discussed.

Food Packaging: A Comprehensive Review and Future Trends

In recent years, carbon capture and utilization (CCU) has been proposed as a potential technological solution to the problems of greenhouse-gas emissions and the ever-growing energy demand. To combat climate change and ocean acidification as a result of anthropogenic CO2 emissions, efforts have already been put forth to capture and sequester CO2 from large point sources, especially power plants; however, the utilization of CO2 as a feedstock to make valuable chemicals, materials, and transportation fuels is potentially more desirable and provides a better and long-term solution than sequestration. The products of CO2 utilization can supplement or replace chemical feedstocks in the fine chemicals, pharmaceutical, and polymer industries. In this review, we first provide an overview of the current status of CO2-capture technologies and their associated challenges and opportunities with respect to efficiency and economy followed by an overview of various carbon-utilization approaches. The current status of combined CO2 capture and utilization, as a novel efficient and cost-effective approach, is also briefly discussed. We summarize the main challenges associated with the design, development, and large-scale deployment of CO2 capture and utilization processes to provide a perspective and roadmap for the development of new technologies and opportunities to accelerate their scale-up in the near future.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/ente.201600747

Carbon Capture and Utilization Update

Adsorption equilibrium of binary mixtures of carbon dioxide and nitrogen on zeolites ZSM-5 and 13X

A mathematical model used to describe cyclic adsorption processes is calibrated and validated for the simulation of temperature swing adsorption (TSA) processes applied to the capture of CO2 from a model flue gas (CO2/N2) using zeolite 13X as sorbent material. Three types of experiments are reported in this work, all of them performed in jacketed columns packed with 13X. During these experiments, the temperature was measured at five positions along the central axis of the column, and the exit composition was measured on line by mass spectrometry. The first series of experiments were breakthrough experiments, used to characterize transport phenomena within the packed bed. The second series were heating and cooling experiments, which were used to study the heat transfer from the heating fluid in the column jacket to the bed. Lastly, cyclic TSA experiments were performed to test the model’s ability to predict the cyclic steady state behavior of the column as well as the separation performance of the process.

Temperature Swing Adsorption for Postcombustion CO2 Capture: Single- and Multicolumn Experiments and Simulations

Pressure swing adsorption (PSA) experiments are carried out in a 2-column laboratory setup using activated carbon. As feed an equimolar CO2/H2 mixture is used. Adsorption pressures of 10, 20, and 30 bar are applied, whereas the desorption pressure and the feed temperature are fixed at 1 bar and 25 °C, respectively. During the experiments the temperatures at five different locations inside the columns are measured and the composition of the product streams is analyzed by a mass spectrometer. A one-dimensional, nonisothermal, nonequilibrium model is used to reproduce the experiments. The model was validated previously using breakthrough experiments, and the modifications required to describe full PSA cycles are highlighted. It is shown that the temperatures measured inside the columns provide an excellent possibility for comparison of experiments and simulations, whereas the measured concentration profiles are affected by the piping between column outlet and MS, which has to be considered carefully.

Precombustion CO2 Capture by Pressure Swing Adsorption (PSA): Comparison of Laboratory PSA Experiments and Simulations

Temperature swing adsorption (TSA) processes are considered as an interesting option for the capture of CO2 from flue gases. In this work, a shortcut model is developed for a four step cycle aimed at recovering the more retained component at high purity from a binary mixture, e.g. CO2 from CO2/N2. The model equations, which assume local adsorption equilibrium but take into account heat transfer kinetics, enable a direct semianalytical solution of the cyclic steady state. For fixed temperatures of the indirect heating and cooling fluid, interstitial velocity, and feed composition, the remaining operating conditions can be reduced to the high and low temperature levels achieved during the cycle, which control the thermodynamic states defining the effective cyclic capacity. This model is used to investigate the CO2/N2 separation by TSA on a commercial zeolitic adsorbent. Important trends are revealed by performing a parametric analysis of the operating conditions on the relevant quantities, that is, purity, ...

Temperature Swing Adsorption for the Recovery of the Heavy Component: An Equilibrium-Based Shortcut Model

In this work, the adsorption of water vapor on a commercial activated carbon is studied by means of static and dynamic measurements. To this end, two customized setups are used, which are able to deal with the challenges associated with adsorption measurements under humid conditions. In the first part, the equilibrium of water vapor on activated carbon during adsorption and desorption at 45 °C is characterized. The equilibrium adsorbed amount of water vapor exhibits a pronounced hysteresis loop, requiring the use of an isotherm model with hysteresis to describe the data. In the second part, fixed-bed experiments for both adsorption and desorption conditions at three feed velocities are presented. These dynamic experiments are described by a nonisothermal detailed column model, which considers the linear driving force model for mass transfer and axial dispersion. Heat and mass transfer coefficients are estimated so as to describe the fixed-bed experiments. The results from the static and dynamic measuremen...

Dorian Marx

Papers

Adsorption equilibrium of binary mixtures of carbon dioxide and nitrogen on zeolites ZSM-5 and 13X

Temperature Swing Adsorption for Postcombustion CO2 Capture: Single- and Multicolumn Experiments and Simulations

Precombustion CO2 Capture by Pressure Swing Adsorption (PSA): Comparison of Laboratory PSA Experiments and Simulations

Temperature Swing Adsorption for the Recovery of the Heavy Component: An Equilibrium-Based Shortcut Model

An Experimental and Modeling Study of the Adsorption Equilibrium and Dynamics of Water Vapor on Activated Carbon