Methods are disclosed for forming heptan-4-one, and, optionally, heptan-4-ol, from fermentable sugars. The sugars are fermented using a bacteria or yeast that predominantly forms butyric acid. The butyric acid is subjected to catalytic ketonization conditions to form heptan-4-one, with concomitant loss of water and carbon dioxide. The heptan-4-one can be subjected to catalytic hydrogenation to form heptan-4-ol, an either of these can be included in gasoline compositions. In one aspect, the fermentable sugars are derived from lignocellulosic materials such as wood products, switchgrass, or agricultural wastes, which are delignified to form lignin, cellulose and hemicellulose. The cellulose and hemicellulose can be depolymerized to form glycose and xylose, either or both of which can be fermented by the bacteria. Thus, the methods described herein can convert biomass to a fuel composition or fuel additive, which can be used in a conventional gasoline engine, unlike traditional fuels such as ethanol or biodiesel.

Production of gasoline from fermentable feedstocks

Lube base stocks and lube stock compositions, as well as a process for preparing lube base stocks and lube stock compositions, are disclosed. The lube oils preferably have a viscosity index above about 115. The process involves obtaining feedstocks that have a 95% point below 1150°F and feedstocks that have 95% point above 1150°F. The feedstocks that have a 95% point below 1150% are catalytically dewaxed, and the feedstocks that have 95% point above 1150% are solvent dewaxed. The resulting products can optionally be blended, and the base stocks can be combined with various additives to form lube oil compositions. Hydrotreatment can optionally be performed on the lube base stocks to remove olefins, oxygenates and other impurities. In one embodiment, one or more of the fractions are obtained from Fisher-Tropsch synthesis. One or more of the fractions can also be obtained from other sources, for example, via distillation of crude oil, provided that the fractions do not include appreciable amounts (i.e., amounts which would adversely affect the catalyst used for catalytic isodewaxing) of thiols or amines. The individual fractions can also includes combinations of feedstocks, from Fisher-Tropsch and other sources.

Process for preparing lubes with high viscosity index values

An integrated process for producing alkylbenzenes, sulfonated alkylbenzenes and/or alkylcyclohexanes from syngas is disclosed. The process involves subjecting syngas to Fischer-Tropsch conditions. Fractions rich in C6-8 and C18-26 hydrocarbons are isolated from the resulting product stream. The C6-8 fraction is subjected to catalytic reforming conditions to form aromatics. The C18-26 fraction may include sufficient olefins for use in an alkylation reaction with the aromatics. Optionally, the fraction may be subjected to dehydrogenation conditions to provide additional olefins. The resulting olefins are reacted with the aromatics in an alkylation reaction to yield alkylbenzenes. Unconverted olefins, paraffins, and aromatics can be obtained from the product stream via fractional distillation and recycled to form additional products. The alkylbenzenes can be hydrogenated to yield alkylcyclohexanes, which are useful as synlubes or as components in lube oil compositions. Alternatively, the alkylbenzenes can be sulfonated, and the resulting sulfonated alkylbenzenes used, for example, as detergents and/or dispersants.

Synthesis of alkybenzenes and synlubes from Fischer-Tropsch products

A process for preparing hydrocarbons in the lube base oil range, lube base oils and lube oil compositions from a fraction with an average molecular weight above a target molecular weight and a fraction with an average molecular weight below a target molecular weight via molecular averaging is described. The fractions can be obtained, for example, from Fischer-Tropsch reactions, and/or obtained from the distillation of crude oil. Molecular averaging converts the fractions to a product with a desired molecular weight, for use in preparing a lube oil composition. The product can optionally be isomerized to lower the pour point, and also can be blended with suitable additives for use as a lube oil composition.

Synthesis of narrow lube cuts from fischer-tropsch products

A process for preparing distillate fuel compositions from a C 2-6 olefinic fraction and a C 20 + fraction via molecular averaging is described The fractions can be obtained, for example, from Fischer-Tropsch reactions, and/or obtained from the distillation or other processing of crude oil Molecular averaging converts the fractions to a product that includes a significant fraction in the C 5-20 range that can be used for preparing a distillate fuel composition The product is preferably isomerized to increase the octane value and lower the pour, cloud and smoke point The product can also be hydrotreated and/or blended with suitable additives for use as a distillate fuel composition

Conversion of syngas from Fischer-Tropsch products via olefin metathesis

Reaction products of sulfur, olefins and sodium sulfide hydrates are improved extreme-pressure/antiwear additives for lubricants and liquid hydrocarbyl fuels.

Sulfurized olefin extreme pressure/antiwear additives and compositions thereof

Arylamine/hindered phenol, acid anhydride and thioester-derived reaction products, have been found to be effective multifunctional antioxidant, antiwear and rust inhibiting additives for lubricants and fuels.

Arylamine/hindered phenol, acid anhydride and thioester-derived multifunctional antioxidant, antiwear and rust inhibiting additives

A halogen-free lubricant additive composition is disclosed which comprises the reaction product of elemental sulfur, an olefin, and an aqueous solution of an alkali metal or alkaline earth metal salt of hydrosulfide. The reaction product has been found to contain little or no dithiolethiones and is useful as an extreme pressure/antiwear additive for motor fuels, as well as lubricants such as mineral- and synthetic-based oils and greases.

Improved sulfurized olefin extreme pressure/antiwear additives

Reaction products of sulfur, olefins and sodium sulfide hydrates are improved extreme-pressure/antiwear additives for lubricants and liquid hydrocarbyl fuels. These products contain no or substantially no dithiolethiones.

Douglas Eugene Johnson

Papers

Sulfurized olefin extreme pressure/antiwear additives and compositions thereof

Arylamine/hindered phenol, acid anhydride and thioester-derived multifunctional antioxidant, antiwear and rust inhibiting additives

Improved sulfurized olefin extreme pressure/antiwear additives

Improved sulfurized olefin extreme pressure/antiwear additives and compositions thereof.

A process for preparing improved sulfurized olefin extreme pressure/anti-wear additives and compositions thereof