The problem of CO2 control in the atmosphere is tackled by proposing a kind of ‘fuel cycle’ for fossil fuels where CO2 is partially or totally collected at certain transformation points and properly disposed of. CO2 is disposed of by injection into suitable sinking thermohaline currents that carry and spread it into the deep ocean that has a very large equilibrium capacity. The Mediterranean undercurrent entering the Atlantic at Gibraltar has been identified as one such current; it would have sufficient capacity to deal with all CO2 produced in Europe even in the year 2100.

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On geoengineering and the CO2 problem

Objectives: To assess the risk of lung cancer mortality related to occupational exposure to titanium dioxide (TiO2). 
Methods: A mortality follow-up study of 15,017 workers (14,331 men) employed in 11 factories producing TiO2 in Europe. Exposure to TiO2 dust was reconstructed for each occupational title; exposure estimates were linked with the occupational history. Observed mortality was compared with national rates, and internal comparisons were based on multivariate Cox regression analysis. 
Results: The cohort contributed 371,067 person-years of observation (3.3% were lost to follow-up and 0.7% emigrated). 2652 cohort members died during the follow-up, yielding standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) of 0.87 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.83–0.90) among men and 0.58 (95% CI 0.40–0.82) among women. Among men, the SMR of lung cancer was significantly increased (1.23, 95% CI 1.10–1.38); however, mortality from lung cancer did not increase with duration of employment or estimated cumulative exposure to TiO2 dust. Data on smoking were available for over one third of cohort members. In three countries, the prevalence of smokers was higher among cohort members compared to the national populations. 
Conclusions: The results of the study do not suggest a carcinogenic effect of TiO2 dust on the human lung.

Mortality among workers employed in the titanium dioxide production industry in Europe

An extensive literature survey on the principles and applications of ammonia leaching processes in hydrometallurgy is presented in this paper. The combination of ammonia anal ammonium salts is known to be a powerful lixiviant used in hydrometallurgical processes. Many metals can be extracted using the mixture of ammonia/ammonium. The thermodynamics and kinetics of the dissolution of various metals in ammonia/ammonium salts have been reviewed. The solubility, volatility, and complexation ability of various metals with ammonia have been reviewed and discussed. Eh-pH diagrams of various metal-ammonia-water systems are presented. Also presented is a comprehensive literature survey on the leaching behavior of metals in ammoniacal solutions. The metals considered in this paper are copper, cobalt, nickel, zinc, cadmium, silver, gold and palladium.

The Principles and Applications of Ammonia Leaching of Metals—A Review

The iron and steel industry is the largest energy-consuming manufacturing industry in the world. In 1990, its global energy consumption was estimated to be 18–19 EJ, or 10–15% of the annual industrial energy consumption [WEC, 1995]. Figure 5.1 shows that the annual world steel production has increased from about 100 million tonnes in 1945 to about 770 million tonnes in 1990 [IISI, 1992; IISI, 1996a]. The global steel production is expected to grow further by about 1.7% a year, mainly because of an increase in steel consumption in developing countries [Tilton, 1990; WEC, 1995]. At present the apparent steel consumption per capita in these countries is only one seventh of that in OECD-countries, but this situation is likely to change [WEC, 1995]. Whereas the crude steel production in OECD countries has remained fairly stable at 320–370 million tonnes per year since 1980, the production in developing countries is growing steadily at a rate of more than 6% annually and reached about 240 million tonnes in 1993 [WEC, 1995]. This growth is expected to continue. As a result, the global steel production might rise to 1280 million tonnes in the year 2020, assuming a business-as-usual scenario. In this scenario the global energy consumption of the iron and steel industry is projected to increase to more than 25 EJ in the year 2020 [WEC, 1995].

Future technologies for energy-efficient iron and steel making

From the Publisher:
A hands-on teaching and reference text for chemical engineers
In writing this book the authors' have focused exclusively on the vast majority of chemical engineering students who need a basic understanding of practical process control for their industrial careers. Traditionally process control has been taught using non-intuitive and highly mathematical techniques (Laplace and frequency-domain techniques). Aside from being difficult to master in a one-semester course, the traditional approach is of limited use for more complex process control problems encountered in the chemical processing industries. When designing and analyzing multi-loop control systems today, industry practitioners employ both steady-state and dynamic simulation-based methodologies. These 'real time' methods have now all but replaced the traditional approach.
A Real Time Approach to Process Control provides the student with both a theoretical and practical introduction to this increasingly important approach. Assuming no prior knowledge of the subject, this text introduces all of the applied fundamentals of process control from instrumentation to process dynamics, PID loops and tuning, to distillation, multi-loop and plant-wide control. In addition, students come away with a working knowledge of the three most popular dynamic simulation packages. The text carefully balances theory and practice by offering students readings and lecture materials along with hands-on workshops that provide a 'virtual' process on which to experiment and from which to learn modern, real time control strategy development.
Features: * The first and only textbook to use a completely real time approach. * Gives students theopportunity to understand and use HYSYS software. * Carefully designed workshops (tutorials) have been included to allow students to practice and apply the theory. * Includes many worked examples and student problems.

A Real-Time Approach to Process Control

Process instruments and controls handbook

Chemical and process technology encyclopedia

Through three editions, "Process Instruments and Controls Handbook" has set the standard for authoritative information on instruments and controls used in the chemical process industries (CPI). Broad in scope, thorough, and practical, it has been used by designers, engineers, and technicians for dealing with process design problems commonly encountered in the CPI. The new fourth edition, now titled "Process/Industrial Instruments and Controls Handbook", has been expanded to include detailed coverage of instruments and control devices as they are used in the manufacturing industries. Extensively revised and updated, this monumental handbook reflects all of the latest developments on: control and data objectives; control and data systems, discrete-piece manufacturing control, and data acquisition and communication system architectures; measurement, sensors, transducers and transmitters; automatic control fundamentals and theory; computing elements in control settings; valves, actuators, and manipulators in control systems; operators' control system interface; control system design, selection, and specification. This reference source of measurement and control data should help design, control, instrumentation, process, manufacturing, and plant engineers design a system right the very first time and avoid costly downtime.

Douglas M. Considine

Papers

Process instruments and controls handbook

Chemical and process technology encyclopedia

Process/industrial instruments and controls handbook

Energy Technology Handbook

Van Nostrand Reinhold Encyclopedia of Chemistry