The transportation sector is characterized by a high consumption of fossil fuels and a strong environmental impact. Promoting electric vehicles is an alternative to reduce and limit them move towards the sustainability of the automobile sector. In a short period of time, world car manufacturers have built, marketed and sold a million electric vehicles, and a million drivers got used to these new low carbon advanced technologies. Comparatively, this figure represents approximately the average annual sales of conventional vehicles in Spain. The main problem is the battery autonomy, since its maximum range does not exceed 250 km, a restriction that limits the trip. Spain belongs to the group of countries which have longest trip average around 80 km. Then the problem is how to understand electric mobility, for that the types and modes of charging, the types of electric vehicles, and the available charging systems all interact with one another in the charging systems for electric vehicles, which will be specifically analysed. Alternative charging methods are also presented, and the agents involved in the charging process in accordance with applicable regulations are identified. The objective of this article is to analyse the charging of electric vehicles in Spain and to assess the current situation to be able to propose potential improvements or implementation strategies. This paper determines that it is necessary to develop public policies for a structured implementation of charging stations in public places and in common-use areas within large shared spaces, such as parking areas and residential areas in order to improve electric mobility in Spain. This paper also illustrates the need to legislate standards for charging electric vehicles to maximize their implementation in Spain, with the goal of implementing electric vehicles on a larger scale and ultimately allowing society to benefit from the advantages of this technology.

Electric vehicles in Spain: An overview of charging systems

A low voltage battery operated heating bib containing a low voltage heater connected in circuit with a low voltage battery concealed in a neck scarf to which the bib is attached and made an integral part.

Low voltage battery operated heating bib

Electrically heated floor mat

This invention relates to electrical heating appliances, and more particularly to an electrically heated tray which may also be employed as a table pad to prevent hot dishes and pots from 5 marring the finish on tables. A main object of the invention is to provide a novel and improved food...

Hot top tray

A device in infrared radiating electrical heating aggregates, particularly building dryers for hardening of concrete and the like. The object is to provide a light infrared heater which with a simple manipulation can be adjusted in different rotational positions, and which despite its low weight has a stable construction, rugged and withstands the very hard treatment of the building work places. These objects have been achieved by the fact that the housing (11) comprises a self-supporting, trough-shaped plate box, with ridge-shaped bosses (13) extending in the longitudinal direction of the box in the bottom thereto, that the box at both ends is provided with a substantially perpendicularly to and over an essential part of the box bottom extending fixed regulating disc (14), and that the regulating discs (14) are provided with a common centre of rotation (19) about which the housing (11) is rotatable with respect to frame gables (15, 16) arranged outside the ends of the housing and lockable to said frame gables in different rotational positions.

A device in infrared radiant heating aggregates

Perfectionnements à des éléments pour chauffage électrique

Improvements in Apparatus for the Production of Electricity from the Waste Heat of Gas, Steam, or other Heat Engines.

5118. Dowsing, H. J. March 1. Heating by electricity.-A radiator, consisting of a number of incandescent lamps arranged in a portable casing with reflectors, is constructed so that this casing can be secured at any desired inclination. In one arrangement, the casing d, shown in side elevation, is pivoted at e to brackets b fixed to the base a. Studs g, fixed into the side of the casing, pass through curved slots in the brackets b, and are provided with wing or other nuts i, by means of which the radiator can be fixed in any required position. In an alternative form, the side-pieces c of the casing rest on the floor and have hinged to them at a suitable height a frame or strut, resting on the floor in front of or behind the casing, according to the position required. Slotted arms, pivoted to the casing and clamped by means of studs and wing-nuts to the strut, serve to secure the radiator in position. The slotted segments or arms, and studs and nuts, may be replaced by segments or arms with ratchet-teeth which are engaged by pawls. The casing may also be constructed so as to turn or slide on its supports in a horizontal plane.

Dowsing Herbert John

Papers

Perfectionnements à des éléments pour chauffage électrique

Improvements in Apparatus for the Production of Electricity from the Waste Heat of Gas, Steam, or other Heat Engines.

Improvements in or relating to Electrical Radiators.

Improvements in Apparatus for the Application of Electricity to Vehicles Driven by Mechanical Means.