Physicians who care for children are often called upon to render advice on sports and exercise. Long before the physical fitness fad struck the adult sector, children used sports to have fun, work off steam, test themselves against their peers, and learn about real life. Their physicians, once called on only to tend their wounds, now must be prepared to advise on exercise appropriate to age, size, development, and any concurrent disease, and to control access to many competitive activities. This well-written, carefully documented book provides a great deal of information by which such decisions can be informed. Its extended title accurately describes the focus of the book: exercise physiology in the immature human, with special applications to children with several forms of chronic disorders. Two initial chapters clearly describe the response of children of differing age, sex, and size to exercise. Applications to children with pulmonary, cardiovascular, endocrine, nutritional,

Pediatric Sports Medicine for the Practitioner: From Physiologic Principles to Clinical Applications

The aims of the present study were to assess critical velocity using the swimmer curriculum in front crawl events and to compare critical velocity to the velocity corresponding to a 4 mmol·l(-1) of blood lactate concentration and to the velocity of a 30 min test. The sample included 24 high level male swimmers ranged between 14 and 16 years old. For each subject the critical velocity, the velocity corresponding to a 4 mmol·l(-1) of blood lactate concentration and the mean velocity of a 30 min test were determined. The critical velocity was also estimated by considering the best performance of a swimmer over several distances based on the swimmer curriculum. Critical velocity including 100, 200 and 400 m events was not different from the velocity of 4 mmol·l(-1) of blood lactate concentration. Critical velocity including all the swimmer events was not different from the velocity of a 30 min test. The assessment of critical velocity based upon the swimmer curriculum would therefore seem to be a good approach to determine the aerobic ability of a swimmer. The selection of the events to be included in critical velocity assessment must be a main concern in the evaluation of the swimmer. Key pointsCritical velocity using 100, 200 and 400 m events was not different from the velocity of 4 mmol·l(-1) of blood lactate concentration.Critical velocity using all the swimmer events was not different from the velocity of a 30 min test.The assessment of critical velocity based upon the swimmer curriculum seemed to be a good approach to determine the aerobic capacity of a swimmer.The decision on the events to be analysed must be a main concern in the evaluation of the swimmer critical velocity.

Can the curriculum be used to estimate the critical velocity in young competitive swimmers

The aims of this paper were: a) to present weight reduction habits of adolescent wrestlers; b) to establish differences in mood states between weight groups; and c) to determine relations between weight loss and indicators of hydration with mood states. Adolescent wrestlers do resort to rapid weight loss (RWL) regimens in their training process and competition – 70.1% of the subjects reduced their body mass and the reduction regime usually lasted one week. Similar habits have been reported in other studies despite the well evidenced detrimental effects of RWL. Urine specific gravity (USG) values suggest that all the subjects were in the state of dehydration ranging from a mild to a high one. The groups of low weight (LW) and middle weight (MW) wrestlers reduced their body mass significantly more than others (BM; p<.05) and their sensation of fatigue was significantly higher (p<.05). The variables body mass reduction and %BM reduction were correlated with negative mood states, whereas the indicators of hydration in one of the groups (MW) established ambiguous relations with dehydration and positive mood states.

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Mood aspects of rapid weight loss in adolescent wrestlers

King of the mat: Former elite wrestlers and perceptions of perfectionism and identity

The successful and effective management of sports training is impossible without the justified forecasting. The retrospective analysis of the sport career of elite sportsmen allows to identify interconnections of the competitions – results on various stages of the sporting career. Analysis of papers showed, there are no researches which would analyse the highest-level sportsmen in wrestling – Olympic champions. Aim of the research – to analyse results of the Olympic champions in wrestling from 1996 to the present day and to discover the main trends and regularities. The analysis included 41 sport careers of winners in freestyle wrestling of the six Olympic Games from 1996 to 2016. The results of wrestlers on international competitions into the four age stages are analysed: the pre-junior age, junior age, senior until the victory at the Olympic Games and a time period after the victory. The majority of the sportsmen (90.3 %) win only once and participate in the OG only once or twice (90.2 %). The retrospective analysis has shown that 48.8 % of wrestlers-champions have performed at the international stage at the cadets age, and 85.4 % of sportsmen at the junior age, over 90 % of them have taken the winning places. Prior to the victory at the Olympic Games 87.8 % of the sportsmen take part at the continental championships, all of them have won medals. And 82.9 % have participated at the world championships, and 91.2 % of them have taken places from 1 to 3.

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The analysis of the results of the Olympic free-style wrestling champions

Cilj ovoga rada bio je utvrditi sljedece trendove: dob (u godinama) u kojoj se pocinje s hrvanjem, iskustvo (u godinama) i dob vrhunskih sportskih postignuca hrvaca koji su osvojili svoju prvu medalju na europskim prvenstvima u periodu od 2002. do 2012. godine te utvrditi moguce razlike u tim parametrima među težinskim kategorijama. Istraživanje je provedeno na uzorku od 180 hrvaca. Osvajaci europskih medalja poceli su se baviti hrvanjem u dobi od 10, 27±2, 79 godina ; imali su 14, 61±4, 02 godina hrvackog iskustva prije osvajanja svoga prvoga europskog odlicja, a medalju su osvojili u dobi od 24, 86±3, 29 godina. Dobivene su statisticki znacajne razlike (p 2007, 2011 ; dobi 2004>2006, 2007, 2010, 2011. Znacajne razlike među težinskim kategorijama dobivene su u: dobi pocetka bavljenja hrvanjem 120>60, 66, 74, 84, 96 ; godinama iskustva 55<74, 84, 96 ; zrelosti za postizanje najboljih rezultata 55<66, 96 ; 60<66, 96, 120. Istraživanje je pokazalo da bi se hrvanjem trebalo poceti baviti u dobi od 10 godina. Postoji znacajna korelacija između iskustva i zrelosti kada se postižu najbolji rezultati. U najlaksoj se i najtežoj težinskoj kategoriji hrvaci pocinju baviti hrvanjem kasnije i imaju manje iskustva u trenutku osvajanja prve europske medalje. U najtežoj težinskoj kategoriji hrvaci trebaju imati vise godina da bi ostvarili najbolje rezultate. Ovo istraživanje nudi trenerima precizne informacije o tome kada poceti hrvati te kada od hrvaca ocekivati da ce osvojiti svoje prvo znacajno natjecanje sukladno svojoj težinskoj kategoriji.

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Dražen Šprem

Papers

Beginning age, wrestling experience and wrestling peak performance–trends in period 2002–2012

Optimal age to begin with Greco-Roman wrestling and reach peak performance – trends in cases of world-class medal winners of various weight groups