Quantization index modulation is one of the best methods for performing blind watermarking, due to its simplicity and good rate-distortion-robustness trade-offs. In this paper, a new audio watermarking algorithm based on singular value decomposition and dither-modulation quantization is presented. The watermark is embedded using dither-modulation quantization of the singular values of the blocks of the host audio signal. The watermark can be blindly extracted without the knowledge of the original audio signal. Subjective and objective tests confirm high imperceptibility achieved by the proposed scheme. Moreover, the scheme is quite robust against attacks including additive white Gaussian noise, MP3 compression, resampling, low-pass filtering, requantization, cropping, echo addition and denoising. The watermark data payload of the algorithm is 196 bps. Performance analysis of the proposed scheme shows low error probability rates.

http://cse.iitkgp.ac.in/~abhij/publications/VBK-2-MTA-Springer.pdf

An audio watermarking scheme using singular value decomposition and dither-modulation quantization

A new audio watermarking algorithm resilient to MPEG 1 layer III (MP3) with bit rate of 64 kbps is proposed. High embedding capacity is its main characteristic. The proposed algorithm is able to use either semi-blind or blind decoding. With the former, the algorithm achieves an embedding capacity of 204 bits per second (bps) and with the latter obtains 155 bps, them both with bit error rate lower than 10−4. Using semi-blind decoding, benefit of more than 33 bps is obtained in comparison with, in our knowledge, any other previously proposed algorithm for compression at 64 kbps. The algorithm uses dither modulation to embed a coded-watermark in certain frequencies of wavelet domain. Those frequencies were found to be robust against compression. The coded-watermark is generated with the concatenation of low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes and repetition codes. Also, an accurate estimation of the statistics of the channel noise, due to compression, is introduced. Finally the proposed algorithm is improved using erasures at the decoder. This improvement achieves more than 15 bps in comparison with normal decoding. The highest embedding capacity achieved is 229 bps. All the watermarked audio files obtain SNR higher than 40 dB. The audio quality was also measured with a subjective evaluation in which the watermarked audio obtained a score higher than 4, where the best audio quality is scored with 5.

High Payload Audio Watermarking: toward Channel Characterization of MP3 Compression.

Digital watermarking has drawn extensive attention for copyright protection of multimedia data. This paper introduces a blind audio watermarking scheme in discrete cosine transform (DCT) domain based on singular value decomposition (SVD), exponential operation (EO), and logarithm operation (LO). In our proposed scheme, initially the original audio is segmented into non-overlapping frames and DCT is applied to each frame. Low frequency DCT coefficients are divided into sub-bands and power of each sub band is calculated. EO is performed on the sub-band with highest power of the DCT coefficients of each frame. SVD is applied to the exponential coefficients of each sub bands with highest power represented in matrix form. Watermark information is embedded into the largest singular value by using a quantization function. Simulation results indicate that the proposed watermarking scheme is highly robust against different attacks. In addition, it has high data payload and shows low error probability rates. Moreover, it provides good performance in terms of imperceptibility, robustness, and data payload compared with some recent state-of-the-art watermarking methods.

/pdf/blind-audio-watermarking-in-transform-domain-based-on-25anfrc8qp.pdf

Blind Audio Watermarking in Transform Domain Based on Singular Value Decomposition and Exponential-Log Operations

Watermarking is a method used to hide the owner's data in the host signal in an inaudible way. The watermark signal must not reduce the quality of host signal. Furthermore, it must be resistant to various attacks. In this paper, we will propose an intelligent audio watermarking method in terms of collaborating QR decomposition (QR factorization) method and Genetic Algorithm (GA). At the outset, the host signal is segmented into several frames. Then, every frame is decomposed by using QR decomposition method, and, subsequently, the best place for embedding the watermark bit which has a high robustness to the possible attacks is searched by using GA. In order to evaluate effectiveness of this method, we have examined the robustness of watermark against several attacks for several different audio signals. The results indicate that the proposed method has more robustness in comparison with previous robust audio watermarking methods.

https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2Fs11042-013-1694-3.pdf

Audio watermarking method using QR decomposition and genetic algorithm

This paper presents an audio watermarking scheme in fast Fourier transform (FFT) domain based on singular value decomposition (SVD) and Cartesian-polar transformation (CPT). In our proposed scheme, initially the original audio is segmented into nonoverlapping frames. FFT is applied to each frame and low frequency FFT coefficients are selected. SVD is applied to the selected FFT coefficients of each frame represented in a matrix form. The highest singular values of each frame are selected and are decomposed into two components using CPT. Watermark information is embedded into each of these CPT components using an embedding function. Experimental results indicate that the proposed watermarking scheme is highly robust against various signal processing attacks. In addition, the proposed scheme has a high data payload. Moreover, it outperforms state-of-the-art audio watermarking methods in terms of imperceptibility, robustness, and data payload.

Audio watermarking in transform domain based on singular value decomposition and Cartesian-polar transformation

A digital audio watermarking algorithm based on discrete wavelet transform is presented. A visually significant binary image via some pre-processing and SS modulating is embedded in audio low-middle frequency coefficients in wavelet domain. A scheme of watermark detection is presented by using linear predictive coding, and it does not use the original signal during extracting watermark. The BER is improved 10%-15% in this algorithm compared with the algorithm in Wang R.D. and Chai P.Q. (2003). Experimental results show that the watermark is imperceptible and the algorithm is robust to many attacks, such as low pass filtering, resampling, MP3 compression and so on.

https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel5/9834/30995/01442262.pdf

Du Chengtou

Papers

Digital audio watermarking algorithm based on linear predictive coding in wavelet domain