The collection 5 MODIS burned area product — Global evaluation by comparison with the MODIS active fire product

While the World Bank safeguard policies and International Finance Corporation Performance Standards specify the requirements to be observed when project-induced displacement and resettlement occurs...

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Project-induced displacement and resettlement: from impoverishment risks to an opportunity for development?

This article reviews research on global environmental change and human security, providing retrospective and tentative prospective views of this field. It explains the roles that the concept of human security has played in research on environmental change, as well as the knowledge that it has contributed. It then discusses the Global Environmental Change and Human Security (GECHS) project as an example of how this research has encouraged a more politicized understanding of the problem of global environmental change, drawing attention to the roles of power, agency, and knowledge. Finally, the article considers new research frontiers that have emerged from this field, including research on social transformations as a means of promoting, sustaining, and enhancing human security in response to complex global environmental challenges. The potential contributions of human security approaches to the next generation of global change research are discussed.

https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/pdf/10.1146/annurev-environ-032112-100655

Global Environmental Change and Human Security

Acknowledgements List of tables 1. Introduction Part I. Fundamentals: 2. Problems of polarization 3. Defining displacement by and for development Part II. From Cost-Benefit Analysis to Ethics: 4. Development planning, cost-benefit analysis, and displacement 5. Guidelines and rights 6. The development ethics framework Part III. From Values to Responsibilities: 7. Ethical outcomes 8. Ethical procedures 9. Agents, harms, and responsibilities 10. International responsibilities and rights regarding displacement Part IV. Realizing Responsibilities: 11. Narmada revisited 12. Starting points and future directions Bibliography.

Displacement by Development: Ethics, Rights and Responsibilities

Many of the debates surrounding the environmental, social, and economic implications of climate change are now well known. However, there is increasing concern over the extent to which those suffering displacement or forced migration as a result of climate change are protected. This article seeks to highlight the plight of such individuals and suggests how the current protection gap might be remedied. Present legal structures, such as the Refugee Convention and the framework for Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs), prove largely inadequate having been constructed for different purposes and being limited in their application. The alternative proposed in this article is a regionally oriented regime operating under the auspices of the UN Climate Change Framework. While both the Climate Change Convention and the Kyoto Protocol currently call for regional cooperation in respect of adaptation activities, it is argued there should be an explicit recognition of so-called climate change refugees in the post-Kyoto agreement that allows for, and facilitates, the development of regional programs to address the problem. Employing such a strategy would remedy the current protection gap that exists within the international legal system, while allowing states to respond and engage with climate change displacement in the most regionally appropriate manner.

Turning the Tide: Recognizing Climate Change Refugees in International Law

When farmers are dispossessed of their lands to make way for a development project it is often inevitable that there will not be enough land to go around. It is unlikely that parcels of fertile land are lying vacant in the surrounding areas awaiting distribution. It therefore becomes necessary for people who previously derived their livelihoods from the land to move into cities. This research explores what happens to a sample of such people and whether they are able to restore their livelihoods. It examines the Three Gorges Dam resettlement in China's Hubei province and discovers that while the Chinese government has devised an inspired toolbox of benefit-sharing initiatives, the gains accrue to a minority who live in the most amenable location of the Three Gorges area. It concludes that the availability of capital through benefit-sharing initiatives does not guarantee its productive use.

Development for Whom? Rural to Urban Resettlement at the Three Gorges Dam, China

The restoration of livelihoods in the event of involuntary resettlement is commonly based on providing compensation to those who are displaced This policy has led to a series of horror stories For this reason it is proposed that by conducting resettlement as a development project in its own right the performance of resettlements can be improved and the benefits will accrue to the local population The Three Gorges Project on the Yangtze River is the first project in China in which the policy of resettlement with development was translated into practice This paper uses the results of a survey of urban resettlers in two counties to demonstrate that development policies have been unevenly applied across the Three Gorges Region and that in some counties the policies have had some success in maintaining and raising the incomes of resettlers (authors)

Involuntary resettlement as an opportunity for development: The case of urban resettlers of the Three Gorges Project, China

China Three Gorges Project Resettlement: Policy, Planning and Implementation


 The concept of benefit-sharing has popular focus in numerous discussions concerning approaches with displacement, development, and sustainable livelihood. It is clear that compensation is inadequate to mitigate impoverishment risks and re-build improved sustainable livelihoods. Benefit-sharing is seen to be a vital option for the improvement and development of re-settler’s livelihoods. Subsequently, this study aims to provide evidence of the present state of policy, benefit-sharing mechanism practices, and approaches in the hydropower sector of Pakistan. The benefit-sharing mechanism is present in some form but it needs new endoresements and reforms within the national resettlement framework of Pakistan. The target case in this study is to investigate the implementation level of benefit-sharing mechanisms in the Ghazi Barotha Hydropower project. It shows an example of some necessary elements of benefit-sharing and has provided a possible solution for solving the dilemma of compensation-based resettlement in Pakistan.

http://academic.oup.com/jrs/article-pdf/34/3/3511/41027395/feab019.pdf

Reforming Benefit-Sharing Mechanisms for Displaced Populations: Evidence from the Ghazi Barotha Hydropower Project, Pakistan

Japan has formulated reservoir resettlement policies including laws and regulations on compensation,setting up funding mechanism in post project period and preferential taxes for reservoir areas,taking diversified resettlement models according to new situation as well as seeking for some new means of restoring resettlers' income after relocation.These policies have laid down a good foundation for the smooth construction of water conservancy projects.But resettlement is a very complicated problem,there is still room for Japanese government to improve its resettlement policy such as improving public participation mechanism to enhance the communication and consultation with resettlers, balancing the relationship between dam construction and environment protection as well as mitigating the social impact of resettlement.Based on its own situation,China can learn from the Japanese experience to solve the resettlement issue.

Duan Yue-fang

Papers

Development for Whom? Rural to Urban Resettlement at the Three Gorges Dam, China

Involuntary resettlement as an opportunity for development: The case of urban resettlers of the Three Gorges Project, China

China Three Gorges Project Resettlement: Policy, Planning and Implementation

Reforming Benefit-Sharing Mechanisms for Displaced Populations: Evidence from the Ghazi Barotha Hydropower Project, Pakistan

The Experience of Reservoir Resettlement of Japan and Its Enlightenment to China