抗原变异可使得多种致病微生物易于逃避宿主免疫应答。表达在感染红细胞表面的恶性疟原虫红细胞表面蛋白1（PfPMP1）与感染红细胞、内皮细胞、树突状细胞以及胎盘的单个或多个受体作用，在黏附及免疫逃避中起关键的作用。每个单倍体基因组var基因家族编码约60种成员，通过启动转录不同的var基因变异体为抗原变异提供了分子基础。

疟原虫var基因转换速率变化导致抗原变异[英]／Paul H, Robert P, Christodoulou Z, et al//Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

Wonderful Life: The Burgess Shale and the Nature of History, Stephen Jay Gould. W. W. Norton, New York (1989), 347, Price $19.95 (U.S.A.), $27.95 (Canada)

它是美国国立医学图书馆（NLM）生产的国际性生物医学文献联机书目数据库，是美国国立医学图书馆MEDLARS系统30多个数据库中最大的一个数据库，是世界上最著名的生物医学数据库之一。其内容相当于3种印刷本检索刊物：《医学索引》（index medicus，IM）、《牙科文献索引》、《国际护理学索引》，收录了1966年以来的70多个国家4300多种期刊的题录和文摘共1100万条记录，

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At present, numbers of both wild and managed bee colonies are declining rapidly, causing global concern for pollination services. Stingless bees play an important ecological role as pollinators of many wild plant species and seem good candidates for future alternatives in commercial pollination. This paper reviews the effectiveness of stingless bees as crop pollinators. Over the past six years the number of crops reported to be effectively pollinated by stingless bees has doubled, putting the total figure on 18 crops. Eleven stingless bee species across six genera have been found to forage effectively under enclosed condi- tions, indicating the potential of stingless bees as pollinators of greenhouse crops. The biological features that make stingless bees strong candidates for commercial pollination services are discussed, together with their present limitations. The effects of natural vegetation and wild bees on crop yield are reviewed, and make a strong case for habitat conservation. agriculture / alternative pollinators / food crop / greenhouse / Meliponini

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Stingless bees in applied pollination: practice and perspectives

Phylogenomic Insights into the Evolution of Stinging Wasps and the Origins of Ants and Bees

Nesting biology of some Brazilian Anthodioctes species Holmberg 1903 (Anthidiini, Megachilidae).

Potential displacement of the native bumblebee Bombus dahlbomii by the invasive Bombus ruderatus in NW Patagonia, Argentina.

Stingless beekeeping in Thailand.

Landscape context affects bee diversity and pollination in European and tropical agroecosystems.

SUMMARY This study was conducted during June-July 2003 and April-May 2004 in colonies of Africanized honey bees distributed in two different communities in the state of Lara, Venezuela. These colonies belonged to the Apicultural Research Station facilities of the Universidad Centroccidental “Lisandro Alvarado” (UCLA). The colonies were maintained in one deep brood chambers and managed to prevent swarming. These colonies had not changed the queens in the last five years and had never been treated for Varroa infestation. Samples of worker bees were collected from brood combs, placed into a plastic jars inside a cooler and taken to the lab. The bees were placed in a detergent solution, shaken for about 5 minutes and strained to separate mites from the bees (De Jong et al. 1982). The worker brood were unsealed, examined for the presence of mites and the number of foundress adult mites was recorded. Infestation prevalence of Varroa was determined as the number of adult female mites per 100 adult bees and 100 worker brood cells respectively. It was found statistical significant differences between the proportions in the colonies under study (P< 0.01). The average Varroa infestation rate in adult worker and brood in both locations decreased from one year to another without treatment of the colonies during these periods. Curiosly, all colonies inspected in this study in both locations the female Varroa was not reproducing. The female was found alone inside the cells, even though there were abundant available cells in the brood nest.

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E. D. Tanaka

Papers

Nesting biology of some Brazilian Anthodioctes species Holmberg 1903 (Anthidiini, Megachilidae).

Potential displacement of the native bumblebee Bombus dahlbomii by the invasive Bombus ruderatus in NW Patagonia, Argentina.

Stingless beekeeping in Thailand.

Landscape context affects bee diversity and pollination in European and tropical agroecosystems.

Prevalence of Varroa destructor in Africanized honey bees (Apis mellifera scutellata Lepeletier) in Lara State, Venezuela.