In the current historiography of seventeenth-century Europe, the Knights Hospitallers of St John of Jerusalem or Knights of Malta receive scant mention. Partly this is in consequence of general neglect by historians of both the old and the new military Orders in early-modem Europe. Dr L. P. Wright’s pioneering article about the military Orders in sixteenthand seventeenth-century Spanish society is now twenty years old and still stands on its own. Besides, its focus was the Spanish military Orders of Calatrava, Santiago and Alcdntara rather than the international military Order of St John of Jerusalem.’ There exists no modem account

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Charles II, Louis XIV and the Order of Malta

Building on the foundations: making states since 1776

The process of extinguishing the legitimacy of empires would take more than two more centuries and was generally ‘conflictual and contingent’, though never quite complete Our world is still marked by post-imperial legacies: for example, ‘the fiction of sovereign equivalence, and    the reality of inequality within and among states’ And imperial practices still remain – for example, in the treatment of indigenous peoples or in the promotion of multiculturalism – but now they are the policies of states, not the procedures of the empires they have universally replaced The first Atlantic crisis, better known as the American Revolution, foreshadowed many of the complexities and conflicts in Iberian America and then later in the creation of a world of states that now encompasses the whole globe Conjuring states out of colonies had been the single most radical act of the American Revolution: indeed, that process began the transformation of the Atlantic world into an arena hospitable, first, to independent states on its western shores, then to republicanism (in the sense of non-monarchical government), and finally to the creation of federal republics – the United States, Venezuela and Mexico, for instance – on a scale undreamed of by classical and early modern thinkers It may therefore be instructive to consider the American Revolution not as an isolated process, of little relevance causally or comparatively to the revolutions in Spanish and Portuguese America, but as their precursor in the Atlantic world

Foundations of Modern International Thought: Declarations of independence, 1776–2012

Texts concerning the Revolt of the Netherlands: Edict of the States General of the United Netherlands by which they declare that the king of Spain has forfeited the sovereignty and government of the afore-said Netherlands, with a lengthy explanation of the reasons thereof, and in which they forbid the use of his name and seal in these same countries, 26 July 1581

E. H. Kossman

Papers

Texts concerning the Revolt of the Netherlands: CAMBRIDGE STUDIES IN THE HISTORY AND THEORY OF POLITICS