Potential of fat, oil and grease (FOG) for biodiesel production: A critical review on the recent progress and future perspectives

Abstract Biofuels are the promising alternative to exhaustible, environmentally unsafe fossil fuels. Algal biomass is attractive raw for biofuel production. Its cultivation does not compete for cropland with agricultural growing of food crop for biofuel and does not require complex treatment methods in comparison with lignocellulose-enriched biomass. Many microalgae are mixotrophs, so they can be used as energy source and as sewage purifier simultaneously. One of the main steps for algal biofuel fabrication is the cultivation of biomass. Photobioreactors and open-air systems are used for this purpose. The formers allow the careful cultivation control, but the latter ones are cheaper and simpler. Biomass conversion processes may be divided to the thermochemical, chemical, biochemical methods and direct combustion. For biodiesel production, triglyceride-enriched biomass undergoes transetherification. For bioalcohol production, biomass is subjected to fermentation. There are three methods of biohydrogen production in the microalgal cells: direct biophotolysis, indirect biophotolysis, fermentation.

Review: Biofuel production from plant and algal biomass

Selection Criteria and Screening of Potential Biomass-Derived Streams as Fuel Blendstocks for Advanced Spark-Ignition Engines

\n Vegetable oils have been used as a feedstock for fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) production. The high cost of neat vegetable oil and its impact on food security have necessitated its replacement as a feedstock for FAME by used vegetable oil, also known as waste cooking oil (WCO). This study compares the properties and fatty acid (FA) compositions of samples of neat vegetable oil with those of samples of WCO, collected from restaurants and takeaway outlets at the point of disposal. The samples were subjected to property determination and pyrolysis gas chromatography mass spectrometer (PYGCMS) analysis. Analysis showed that degree of usage and the type of food items originally fried in the oil substantially affected its properties and FA composition. Density of neat vegetable oil varied between 904.3 and 919.7 kg/m3 and of WCO between 904.3 and 923.2 kg/m3. The pH of neat vegetable oil varied between 7.38 and 8.63 and of WCO between 5.13 and 6.61. The PYGCMS analysis showed that neat palm oil contains 87.7% unsaturated FA and 12.3% saturated FA, whereas neat sunfoil contains 74.37% saturated FA and 25% polyunsaturated FA. Generally, neat vegetable oils consisted mainly of saturated FAs and polyunsaturated FAs, whereas the WCO contained mainly of saturated FAs and monounsaturated FAs. This research confirms the suitability of WCO as feedstock for FAME.

Comparative study of properties and fatty acid composition of some neat vegetable oils and waste cooking oils

Recently, the interest in converting waste cooking oils (WCOs) to raw materials has grown exponentially. The driving force of such a trend is mainly represented by the increasing number of WCO applications, combined with the definition, in many countries, of new regulations on waste management. From an industrial perspective, the simple chemical composition of WCOs make them suitable as valuable chemical building blocks, in fuel, materials, and lubricant productions. The sustainability of such applications is sprightly related to proper recycling procedures. In this context, the development of new recycling processes, as well as the optimization of the existing ones, represents a priority for applied chemistry, chemical engineering, and material science. With the aim of providing useful updates to the scientific community involved in vegetable oil processing, the current available technologies for WCO recycling are herein reported, described, and discussed. In detail, two main types of WCO treatments will be considered: chemical transformations, to exploit the chemical functional groups present in the waste for the synthesis of added value products, and physical treatments as extraction, filtration, and distillation procedures. The first part, regarding chemical synthesis, will be connected mostly to the production of fuels. The second part, concerning physical treatments, will focus on bio-lubricant production. Moreover, during the description of filtering procedures, a special focus will be given to the development and applicability of new materials and technologies for WCO treatments.

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Available Technologies and Materials for Waste Cooking Oil Recycling

Biofuel, a cost-effective, safe, and environmentally benign fuel produced from renewable sources, has been accepted as a sustainable replacement and a panacea for the damaging effects of the exploration for and consumption of fossil-based fuels. The current work examines the classification, generation, and utilization of biofuels, particularly in internal combustion engine (ICE) applications. Biofuels are classified according to their physical state, technology maturity, the generation of feedstock, and the generation of products. The methods of production and the advantages of the application of biogas, bioalcohol, and hydrogen in spark ignition engines, as well as biodiesel, Fischer–Tropsch fuel, and dimethyl ether in compression ignition engines, in terms of engine performance and emission are highlighted. The generation of biofuels from waste helps in waste minimization, proper waste disposal, and sanitation. The utilization of biofuels in ICEs improves engine performance and mitigates the emission of poisonous gases. There is a need for appropriate policy frameworks to promote commercial production and seamless deployment of these biofuels for transportation applications with a view to guaranteeing energy security.

An Overview of the Classification, Production and Utilization of Biofuels for Internal Combustion Engine Applications

Modification and characterization of chicken eggshell for possible catalytic applications.

Feedstock is one of the key resources for the production of hydrogenation derived renewable diesel (HDRD). Used cooking oil is a waste oil generated from vegetable oil after frying and can be easily sourced from domestic, restaurant outlet and food processing industries within the Durban metropolis. The right selection of feedstock contributes to the high yield and quality of HDRD. Current works on several vegetable oil sources for potential feedstock applications are reviewed. Good quality and optimal yields of HDRD can be obtained by proper selection of potential feedstock, the right catalyst, and optimal process parameters for desirable reaction pathway etc. The literature on vegetable oil as potential feedstock is discussed. Literature regarding the selection of catalysts for hydrogenation is reviewed. Biomass-based thermal power plants fly ash (BBTPPFS) and calcium oxide sourced from eggshell are identified as viable catalysts for the HDRD process.

/pdf/potential-of-used-cooking-oil-as-feedstock-for-4shrbni788.pdf

Potential of Used Cooking Oil as Feedstock for Hydroprocessing into Hydrogenation Derived Renewable Diesel: A Review

Oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and carbon (II) oxide (CO) emissions from engine running on pure biodiesel constitute one of the environmental challenges to its application as fuel. Verifying their sources and production pattern is an essential first step to tackling the challenge. 100% biodiesel derived from moringa, jatropha and waste oil along with petroleum diesel were evaluated in a single cylinder diesel engine. It was observed that oxygen concentration and combustion temperature are the primary drivers of a kinetically determined process. NOx emission trended with Zeldovich mechanism prediction and thus increases with increasing O2 concentration and temperature. CO2 dissociation at elevated combustion temperature in a suppressed O2 concentration regime governs CO production for normal diesel running at high load but, low temperature and high viscosity account for same effect in biodiesel runs. CO therefore increases with increasing temperature and decreasing O2 concentrations for petroleum diesel but for biodiesel, the reverse is the case. Novel exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) and low temperature combustion (LTC) engine therefore holds the key to unlocking biodiesel potential and remediating some of the difficulties observed with petroleum diesel.

E. I. Onuh

Papers

Comparative study of properties and fatty acid composition of some neat vegetable oils and waste cooking oils

An Overview of the Classification, Production and Utilization of Biofuels for Internal Combustion Engine Applications

Modification and characterization of chicken eggshell for possible catalytic applications.

Potential of Used Cooking Oil as Feedstock for Hydroprocessing into Hydrogenation Derived Renewable Diesel: A Review

An evaluation of neat biodiesel/diesel performance, emission pattern of NOx and CO in compression ignition engine