Applications of metamaterials to microwave antennas are reviewed over the past decade. The manufacturing of microwave antennas using graphene-containing carbon composite materials was developed and prototypes of dipole and horn antennas made from such materials were created. The radiation properties of the designed antennas and their metal analogs were measured and compared. The standing wave ratios, the radiation patterns and the amplitude-frequency characteristics were analyzed for horn antennas at frequencies 1.6 GHz and 5 GHz and for dipole antennas in the frequency range 0.2–0.6 GHz. The polarization characteristics of the horn antennas were studied. The effects of different carbon composite materials’ structures (fiber or fabric) on the antennas’ parameters were estimated. It is shown that antennas made from graphene-containing composite materials are able to operate efficiently and exhibit almost the same radiation properties as conventional metal antennas of the same geometry and size. However, the carbon-based antennas have much smaller weights and enhanced stability in a wide range of temperatures. In the future, such antennas should replace the conventional ones for many applications, especially for the excitation and reception of electromagnetic waves in space plasmas.

Carbon-Based Composite Microwave Antennas

Electrodynamic characteristics of the L-and C-range horn antennas made of carbon-composite materials with graphene-containing binding substance are studied. The main attention is paid to the polarization characteristics of the L-range antennas with a polarization unit based on a circular waveguide that generates elliptically polarized radiation.

Electrodynamic Characteristics of Horn Microwave Antennas Made of Graphene-Containing Carbon-Composite Materials

The electrodynamic characteristics of dipole antennas made of carbon fiber composites with a graphene-containing binder have been investigated at 200 and 600 MHz. It is shown that main characteristics of antennas, including the standing wave ratio, radiation pattern, and gain factor, coincide with characteristics of their metal analogs. The effect of conductive properties of the metal–carbon fiber composite contact in the dipole radiating elements on the parameters of the antennas is estimated.

Electrodynamic Characteristics of Dipole Antennas Made of Graphene-Containing Carbon Fiber Composite Materials

In recent years, people are committed to developing new technologies and technologies for energy storage and conversion, environmental detection, high-performance sensors and energy security, and other aspects of the increasingly prominent problems in the field of environmental and biosafety. The purpose of this paper is to explore the manufacturing system and automatic synthesis equipment of carbon nanomaterials, understand the control device and control method, and analyze the structure and morphology characteristics of three kinds of carbon nanomaterials produced by carbon nanomaterial manufacturing system by X-ray diffraction and infrared spectroscopy. The results show that the carbon nanomaterial manufacturing system and automatic synthesis system in this paper solve the problems of high cost, low efficiency, and small scale of the existing carbon nanomaterials manufacturing and achieve the precision control of automatic production, so that the productivity is increased by 20%–35%, and the cost is reduced by 15%–30%. Therefore, they are widely used in the fields of science and technology, environmental protection, and intelligent manufacturing broad prospects. Carbon nanotube manufacturing equipment and automatic synthesis equipment have great production advantages, which can greatly improve the quality and efficiency of carbon nanomaterials. UPY, GO, and UGO carbon nanomaterials produced by carbon nanotube manufacturing equipment are not easy to fall off from the materials. When the wavelength is 500 nm, the absorption frequency of the three materials is the largest. With the extension of the spectral wavelength, the absorption frequency of the three materials is reduced by 52%, 33%, and 34.7%, respectively.

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Carbon Nanomaterial Manufacturing System and Automatic Synthesis Equipment and Its Control Device and Control Methods

In this paper, a comprehensive survey on thermal and geometric design parameters of composite materials utilized in the fabrication of modern RFID systems has been discussed mainly due to its advantages such as lightweight and high strength. Designing of RF antenna setup requires careful consideration of material, geometric and fabrication parameters. Polymer materials were chosen as the substrate and subjected to extensive studies to determine and predict the capability of the miniaturized RFID antenna. The effect of the polymer matrix composite (PMC) material on the antenna parameters such as gain, bandwidth, and return loss is analyzed and realized that improvement in bandwidth and perfection in impedance matching can be further accomplished by employing fractal structure. It is also discovered that the thermal properties affect the impedance and operating frequencies, thus enabling multilayer PMC deploying fractal structured RFID antennas to be used for many applications such as logistics, aerospace, biomedical, and mining.

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Characterization of Composite RFID Antennas Based on Thermal Properties: A Survey

Abstract C-range horn antenna made of a graphene-containing carbon-based composite material has been developed. Electrodynamic characteristics of the developed antenna and the identical metal antenna have been measured in the frequency range of 4.6–4.9 GHz. We have created two prototypes of horn antennas made of (i) carbon fiber and (ii) carbon fabric. It has been shown that the horn antenna made of graphene-containing composite material is capable of efficiently operating in the C-range frequency and possesses almost the same electrodynamic characteristics as the conventional metal antenna of the same geometry and size. However, the carbon-based antenna has enhanced stability in the wide range of temperatures to compare with the corresponding metal antenna.

Using Carbon-Based Composite Materials for Manufacturing C-range Antenna Devices

The fundamental possibility of developing microwave antennas of a carbon composition material is shown. A model specimen of a horn antenna for a range of 5 GHz is made in laboratory conditions from the carbon composition material with a graphene-containing binding substance. The electrodynamic characteristics of the antenna are investigated and compared with characteristics of a metallic antenna with similar geometrical parameters. It is found that the carbon composition antenna is practically identical to its metallic analog, but has superior mechanical parameters.

E. N. Myasnikov

Papers

Using Carbon-Based Composite Materials for Manufacturing C-range Antenna Devices

Antenna-waveguide microwave devices of carbon composition materials

Electrodynamic Characteristics of Horn Microwave Antennas Made of Graphene-Containing Carbon-Composite Materials

Electrodynamic Characteristics of Dipole Antennas Made of Graphene-Containing Carbon Fiber Composite Materials