Why write a book on sponge taxonomy; who would read such a book; what is the relevance of sponges; and what are sponges anyway?

Systema Porifera. A Guide to the Classification of Sponges

Phyletic studies of teleostean fishes, with a provisional classification of living forms

http://aracnologia.macn.gov.ar/st/biblio/de%20Pinna%201991%20homology%20in%20the%20cladistic%20paradigm.pdf

Concepts and tests of homology in the cladistic paradigm

Homology: a personal view on some of the problems

Patterns of variation in levels of homoplasy were explored through statistical analyses of standardized consistency indexes. Data were obtained from 60 recent cladistic analyses of a wide variety of organisms based on several different kinds of characters. Consistency index is highly correlated with the number of taxa included in an analysis, with homoplasy increasing as the number of taxa increases. This observation is compatible with a simple model of character evolution in which 1) the probability of character-state change increases with the total number of branches in a tree and 2) the number of possible states of a character is limited. Consistency index does not show a significant relationship to the number of characters utilized in an analysis or to the taxonomic rank of the terminal taxa. When the relationship between consistency index and number of taxa is taken into account, there is no significant difference between plant and animal data sets in the amount of homoplasy. Likewise, the level of homoplasy in morphological and molecular data sets does not appear to differ significantly, although there are still too few molecular studies to be confident of this result. Future comparisons of consistency indexes, including studies along the lines established here, must take into account the influence of the number of taxa on homoplasy.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1558-5646.1989.tb02626.x

Patterns of variation in levels of homoplasy.

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II.—On the use of the term homology in modern zoology, and the distinction between homogenetic and homoplastic agreements

THE second part of the “Treatise on Zoology,” now appearing under the editorship of Prof. Ray Lankester, contains six chapters, the work of four different authors, graduates of the University of Oxford. An introductory chapter by the editor, on the Enterocœla and Cœlomocœla, deals with the main divisions of the Metazoa; Prof. E. A. Minchin writes on the Sponges; Dr. G. H. Fowler on Hydromedusæ and Scyphomedusæ; and Mr. G. C. Bourne on the Anthozoa and Ctenophora. The high character of the whole work, of which the volume previously published (Part III. Echinoderma) gave promise, is fully established by that now before us, and it can scarcely be doubted that this treatise will, for some time to come, be regarded as the standard English textbook for advanced students of zoology.A Treatise on Zoology.Edited by E. Ray Lankester Part II. The Porifera and Coelentera. By E. A. Minchin, G. H. Fowler and G. C. Bourne. With an introduction by E. Ray Lankester. Pp. x + 405. (London: Adam and Charles Black, 1900.)

A Treatise on Zoölogy

Degeneration: A Chapter in Darwinism

THE memoir by Mr. Arthur Willey, B.Sc., of University College, London, on this subject, in the Quart. Journ. Microsc. Science, March 1891, deserves more than a passing notice. It is one of the most important contributions which have been made to a knowledge of this very interesting animal. In the summer of 1889, Mr. Willey was sent by Prof. Ray Lankester with the aid of a Government grant to collect the larvæ and embryos of Amphioxus at Faro, near Messina. He returned with a large series, and in the winter 1889—90 workel out in the laboratory of University College, chiefly by means of sections, the history of the formation of the atrial cavity in this animal. In a paper published jointly by Prof. Lankester and Mr. Willey (Quart. Journ. Micr. Sci., August 1890), it was shown that the atrial cavity does not form, as supposed by Kowalewsky and by Rolph, as the result of a down-growth of lateral epipleura; but that it forms as a longitudinal groove which sinks inwards along the ventral surface, becoming floored in by a small horizontal growth on each side corresponding merely to that portion of the adult animal's ventral surface which lies between the two metapleura. The groove, now become a narrow tube, expands right and left, until it acquires the proportions the adult atrial chamber.

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The Later Larval Development of Amphioxus

As you quote in NATURE of February 21, p. 278, from a note of mine printed in No. 6 of Natural History (American Museum of Natural History), will you allow me to state that the note quoted was not submitted to me in proof by the editor of Natural History. The part you quote embodies a serious misprint. The words “distinguished by the marine Pliocene” should read “distinguished by the name Pliocene.” As I am writing further on the application of the terms “Pliocene” and “Pleistocene” to various deposits in East Anglia, I should like to remove at once this unfortunate misrepresentation of my views.

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E. Ray Lankester

Papers

II.—On the use of the term homology in modern zoology, and the distinction between homogenetic and homoplastic agreements

A Treatise on Zoölogy

Degeneration: A Chapter in Darwinism

The Later Larval Development of Amphioxus

Pliocene and Pleistocene