Background Cutaneous reactions after severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccines are poorly characterized. Objective To describe and classify cutaneous reactions after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination. Methods A nationwide Spanish cross-sectional study was conducted. We included patients with cutaneous reactions within 21 days of any dose of the approved vaccines at the time of the study. After a face-to-face visit with a dermatologist, information on cutaneous reactions was collected via an online professional survey and clinical photographs were sent by email. Investigators searched for consensus on clinical patterns and classification. Results From 16 February to 15 May 2021, we collected 405 reactions after vaccination with the BNT162b2 (Pfizer-BioNTech; 40·2%), mRNA-1273 (Moderna; 36·3%) and AZD1222 (AstraZeneca; 23·5%) vaccines. Mean patient age was 50·7 years and 80·2% were female. Cutaneous reactions were classified as injection site ('COVID arm', 32·1%), urticaria (14·6%), morbilliform (8·9%), papulovesicular (6·4%), pityriasis rosea-like (4·9%) and purpuric (4%) reactions. Varicella zoster and herpes simplex virus reactivations accounted for 13·8% of reactions. The COVID arm was almost exclusive to women (95·4%). The most reported reactions in each vaccine group were COVID arm (mRNA-1273, Moderna, 61·9%), varicella zoster virus reactivation (BNT162b2, Pfizer-BioNTech, 17·2%) and urticaria (AZD1222, AstraZeneca, 21·1%). Most reactions to the mRNA-1273 (Moderna) vaccine were described in women (90·5%). Eighty reactions (21%) were classified as severe/very severe and 81% required treatment. Conclusions Cutaneous reactions after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination are heterogeneous. Most are mild-to-moderate and self-limiting, although severe/very severe reactions are reported. Knowledge of these reactions during mass vaccination may help healthcare professionals and reassure patients.

/pdf/cutaneous-reactions-after-sars-cov-2-vaccination-a-cross-2ehlxxhj7w.pdf

Cutaneous reactions after SARS-COV-2 vaccination: A cross-sectional Spanish nationwide study of 405 cases.

Cutaneous reactions after severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccines are poorly characterized.To describe and classify cutaneous reactions after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination.A nationwide Spanish cross-sectional study was conducted. We included patients with cutaneous reactions within 21 days of any dose of the approved vaccines at the time of the study. After a face-to-face visit with a dermatologist, information on cutaneous reactions was collected via an online professional survey and clinical photographs were sent by email. Investigators searched for consensus on clinical patterns and classification.From 16 February to 15 May 2021, we collected 405 reactions after vaccination with the BNT162b2 (Pfizer-BioNTech; 40·2%), mRNA-1273 (Moderna; 36·3%) and AZD1222 (AstraZeneca; 23·5%) vaccines. Mean patient age was 50·7 years and 80·2% were female. Cutaneous reactions were classified as injection site ('COVID arm', 32·1%), urticaria (14·6%), morbilliform (8·9%), papulovesicular (6·4%), pityriasis rosea-like (4·9%) and purpuric (4%) reactions. Varicella zoster and herpes simplex virus reactivations accounted for 13·8% of reactions. The COVID arm was almost exclusive to women (95·4%). The most reported reactions in each vaccine group were COVID arm (mRNA-1273, Moderna, 61·9%), varicella zoster virus reactivation (BNT162b2, Pfizer-BioNTech, 17·2%) and urticaria (AZD1222, AstraZeneca, 21·1%). Most reactions to the mRNA-1273 (Moderna) vaccine were described in women (90·5%). Eighty reactions (21%) were classified as severe/very severe and 81% required treatment.Cutaneous reactions after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination are heterogeneous. Most are mild-to-moderate and self-limiting, although severe/very severe reactions are reported. Knowledge of these reactions during mass vaccination may help healthcare professionals and reassure patients. 

Cutaneous reactions after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination: a cross-sectional Spanish nationwide study of 405 cases

There is growing evidence that not only the novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) but also the COVID-19 vaccines can cause a variety of skin reactions. In this review article, we provide a brief overview on cutaneous findings that have been observed since the emerging mass COVID-19 vaccination campaigns all over the world. Unspecific injection site reactions very early occurring after the vaccination are most frequent. Type I hypersensitivity reactions (e.g., urticaria, angioedema, anaphylaxis) likely due to allergy to ingredients may rarely occur but can be severe. Type IV hypersensitivity reactions may be observed, including delayed large local skin lesions ("COVID arm"), inflammatory reactions in dermal filler or previous radiation sites or even old BCG scars, and more commonly moribilliform and erythema multiforme-like rashes. Autoimmune-mediated skin findings after COVID-19 vaccination include leukocytoclastic vasculitis, lupus erythematosus, and immune thrombocytopenia. Functional angiopathies (chilblain-like lesions, erythromelalgia) may also be observed. Pityriasis rosea-like rashes and reactivation of herpes zoster have also been reported after COVID-19 vaccination. In conclusion, there are numerous cutaneous reaction patterns that may occur following COVID-19 vaccination, whereby many of these skin findings are of immunological/autoimmunological nature. Importantly, molecular mimicry exists between SARS-CoV-2 (e.g., the spike-protein sequences used to design the vaccines) and human components and may thus explain some COVID-19 pathologies as well adverse skin reactions to COVID-19 vaccinations.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/jdv.17744

Cutaneous findings following COVID-19 vaccination: Review of world literature and own experience.

Cutaneous reactions after COVID-19 vaccination have been commonly reported; however, histopathologic features and clinical correlations have not been well characterized.We evaluated for a history of skin biopsy all reports of reactions associated with COVID-19 vaccination identified in an international registry. When histopathology reports were available, we categorized them by reaction patterns.Of 803 vaccine reactions reported, 58 (7%) cases had biopsy reports available for review. The most common histopathologic reaction pattern was spongiotic dermatitis, which clinically ranged from robust papules with overlying crust, to pityriasis rosea-like eruptions, to pink papules with fine scale. We propose the acronym "V-REPP" (vaccine-related eruption of papules and plaques) for this spectrum. Other clinical patterns included bullous pemphigoid-like (n = 12), dermal hypersensitivity (n = 4), herpes zoster (n = 4), lichen planus-like (n = 4), pernio (n = 3), urticarial (n = 2), neutrophilic dermatosis (n = 2), leukocytoclastic vasculitis (n = 2), morbilliform (n = 2), delayed large local reactions (n = 2), erythromelalgia (n = 1), and other (n = 5).Cases in which histopathology was available represented a minority of registry entries. Analysis of registry data cannot measure incidence.Clinical and histopathologic correlation allowed for categorization of cutaneous reactions to the COVID-19 vaccine. We propose defining a subset of vaccine-related eruption of papules and plaques, as well as 12 other patterns, following COVID-19 vaccination. 

http://www.jaad.org/article/S0190962221024427/pdf

Clinical and pathologic correlation of cutaneous COVID-19 vaccine reactions including V-REPP: A registry-based study

Background Cutaneous reactions after COVID-19 vaccination have been commonly reported; however, histopathologic features and clinical correlations have not been well characterized. Methods We evaluated for a history of skin biopsy all reports of reactions associated with COVID-19 vaccination identified in an international registry. When histopathology reports were available, we categorized them by reaction patterns. Results Of 803 vaccine reactions reported, 58 (7%) cases had biopsy reports available for review. The most common histopathologic reaction pattern was spongiotic dermatitis, which clinically ranged from robust papules with overlying crust, to pityriasis rosea-like eruptions, to pink papules with fine scale. We propose the acronym “V-REPP” (vaccine-related eruption of papules and plaques) for this spectrum. Other clinical patterns included bullous pemphigoid-like (n = 12), dermal hypersensitivity (n = 4), herpes zoster (n = 4), lichen planus-like (n = 4), pernio (n = 3), urticarial (n = 2), neutrophilic dermatosis (n = 2), leukocytoclastic vasculitis (n = 2), morbilliform (n = 2), delayed large local reactions (n = 2), erythromelalgia (n = 1), and other (n = 5). Limitations Cases in which histopathology was available represented a minority of registry entries. Analysis of registry data cannot measure incidence. Conclusion Clinical and histopathologic correlation allowed for categorization of cutaneous reactions to the COVID-19 vaccine. We propose defining a subset of vaccine-related eruption of papules and plaques, as well as 12 other patterns, following COVID-19 vaccination.

Clinical and Pathologic Correlation of Cutaneous COVID-19 Vaccine Reactions including V-REPP: A Registry Based Study.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/jdv.17250

Skin manifestations of the BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine in healthcare workers. 'COVID-arm': a clinical and histological characterization.

COVID-19 is a disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 of the genus Betacoronavirus (SARS-CoV-2). It was first described in Wuhan (China) on December 2019 and has spread to become a pandemic. Its clinical presentation is mainly characterized by cough, fever and dyspnea, although many other symptoms have been described within its presentation pattern. In some cases, it causes an acute respiratory distress that has lead to the death of thousands of people around the world. Furthermore, different types of skin lesions have been described during the infection period of illness.1 In this exceptional situation of global health emergency, physicians are undertaking research work in order to achieve notions on the etiopathogenesis of these skin lesions. The first report of cutaneous manifestations described different forms of skin lesions such as erythematous rash, urticaria and chicken-pox-like vesicles.2 Further studies have classified 5 different type of skin lesions, and associated them with patient demographics, timing in relation to symptoms of the disease, severity and prognosis.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/jdv.16745

SARS-CoV-2, skin lesions and the need of a multidisciplinary approach.

Allergy Department, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, IRYCIS, Madrid, Spain. Biochemestry-Research Department, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, IRYCIS, Madrid, Spain. Alcalá University, Madrid. Spain. Endocrinology and Nutrition Department, CIBEROBN & IRYCIS, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain. 5 CIBER of Obesity and Nutrition Pathophysiology (CIBEROBN), Madrid, Spain. Both authors have equally contributed and should be both considered as first authors.

/pdf/delayed-hypersensitivity-reaction-to-iron-salts-from-12h3fj41.pdf

E. Solano-Solares

Papers

Skin manifestations of the BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine in healthcare workers. 'COVID-arm': a clinical and histological characterization.

SARS-CoV-2, skin lesions and the need of a multidisciplinary approach.

Delayed Hypersensitivity Reaction to Iron Salts: From Diagnosis to Desensitization.

Vocal cord paralysis induced by oxaliplatin: differencial diagnosis of hypersensitivity.

Nivolumab induced Stevens-Johnson syndrome: not only due to PD-1 inhibition.