▪Purpose:To critically review the risks and benefits of hormone therapy for asymptomatic postmenopausal women who are considering long-term hormone therapy to prevent disease or to prolong...

Hormone Therapy To Prevent Disease and Prolong Life in Postmenopausal Women

Structural support of the urethra as it relates to stress urinary incontinence: The hammock hypothesis

https://www.thelancet.com/pdfs/journals/lancet/PIIS0140-6736(00)04722-X.pdf

WHO antenatal care randomised trial for the evaluation of a new model of routine antenatal care

Aging is a complex, multifactorial process resulting in several functional and esthetic changes in the skin. These changes result from intrinsic as well as extrinsic processes, such as ultraviolet radiation. Recent advances in skin biology have increased our understanding of skin homeostasis and the aging process, as well as the mechanisms by which ultraviolet radiation contributes to photoaging and cutaneous disease. These advances in skin biology have led to the development of a diversity of treatments aimed at preventing aging and rejuvenating the skin. The focus of this review is the mechanism of photoaging and the pathophysiology underlying the treatments specifically designed for its prevention and treatment. Learning objectives At the conclusion of this learning activity, participants should be familiar with the mechanism of photoaging, the treatments for photoaging, and the data that supports the use of these treatments.

Photoaging: Mechanisms and repair

New methods to protect skin from photodamage from sun exposure are necessary if we are to conquer skin cancer and photoaging. Sunscreens are useful, but their protection is not ideal because of inadequate use, incomplete spectral protection, and toxicity. Skin naturally uses antioxidants (AOs) to protect itself from photodamage. This scientific review summarizes what is known about how photodamage occurs; why sunscreens—the current gold standard of photoprotection—are inadequate; and how topical AOs help protect against skin cancer and photoaging changes. This review is intended to be a reference source, including pertinent comprehensive reviews whenever available. Although not all AOs are included, an attempt has been made to select those AOs for which sufficient information is available to document their potential topical uses and benefits. Reviewed are the following physiologic and plant AOs: vitamin C, vitamin E, selenium, zinc, silymarin, soy isoflavones, and tea polyphenols. Their topical use may favorably supplement sunscreen protection and provide additional anticarcinogenic protection. (J Am Acad Dermatol 2003;48:1-19.) Learning objective: At the completion of this learning activity, participants should have an understanding of current information about how the sun damages skin to produce skin cancer and photoaging changes, how the skin naturally protects itself from the sun, the shortcomings of sunscreens, and the added advantages of topical AOs for photoprotection.

https://www.jaad.org/article/S0190-9622(03)50005-6/pdf

Cutaneous photodamage, oxidative stress, and topical antioxidant protection

Long-term effects of the menopause and sex hormones on skin thickness.

Correlation of urethral physiology and skin collagen in postmenopausal women

The treatment of detrusor instability in postmenopausal women with oxybutynin chloride: a double blind placebo controlled study

The integrity of the bladder neck was assessed in 98 continent women. Radiological and physiological evidence showed that half of these women had an incompetent bladder neck, but they were still continent. These data devalue the urodynamic finding of an incompetent bladder neck as an indication for surgery for incontinence and question the physiological importance of the internal sphincter.

https://www.bmj.com/content/bmj/292/6514/166.full.pdf

E. Versi

Papers

Long-term effects of the menopause and sex hormones on skin thickness.

Correlation of urethral physiology and skin collagen in postmenopausal women

The treatment of detrusor instability in postmenopausal women with oxybutynin chloride: a double blind placebo controlled study

Internal urinary sphincter in maintenance of female continence.

Skin collagen changes in post-menopausal women receiving oestradiol gel