In order to suppress deposition of constituent of a reducing agent (dissolved matter) in an exhaust passage of an engine enhancing an elimination rate of NOx even when temperature of an exhaust emission from the engine is low, an exhaust emission purifying apparatus is provided with an electro-generative-heat carrier provided on an upstream side of an injection nozzle that supplies the reducing agent into the exhaust emission on upstream side of a reduction catalyst in an exhaust pipe, the exhaust emission being heated to a temperature equal to or higher than a melting point of the dissolved matter whereby deposition of the dissolved matter on an inner wall surface of the exhaust pipe is suppressed to effectively use the supplied reducing agent for catalytic reduction reaction, even when the exhaust emission temperature is lower than the melting point of the dissolved matter of the reducing agent.

Exhaust emission purifying apparatus for engine

The invention is concerned with a method of deriving mechanical work from a combustion gas in internal combustion engines and reciprocating internal combustion engines for carrying out the method. The invention includes methods and apparatuses for managing combustion charge densities, temperatures, pressures and turbulence in order to produce a true mastery within the power cylinder in order to increase fuel economy, power, and torque while minimizing polluting emissions. In its preferred embodiments, the method includes the steps of (i) producing an air charge, (ii) controlling the temperature, density and pressure of the air charge, (iii) transferring the air charge to a power cylinder of the engine such that an air charge having a weight and density selected from a range of weight and density levels ranging from below atmospheric weight and density to heavier-than-atmospheric weight and density is introduced into the power cylinder, and (iv) then compressing the air charge at a lower-than-normal compression ratio, (v) causing a pre-determined quantity of charge-air and fuel to produce a combustible mixture, (vi) causing the mixture to be ignited within the power cylinder, and (vii) allowing the combustion gas to expand against a piston operable in the power cylinders with the expansion ratio of the power cylinders being substantially greater than the compression ratio of the power cylinders of the engine. In addition to other advantages, the invented method is capable of producing mean effective cylinder pressures ranging from lower-than-normal to higher-than-normal. In the preferred embodiments, the mean effective cylinder pressure is selectively variable (and selectively varied) throughout the mentioned range during the operation of the engine. In an alternate embodiment related to constant speed-constant load operation, the mean effective cylinder pressure is selected from the range and the engine is configured, in accordance with the present invention, such that the mean effective cylinder pressure range is limited, being varied only in the amount required for producing the power, torque and speed of the duty cycle for which the engine is designed.

Internal combustion engine and working cycle

A method of operating an internal combustion engine, including at least one cylinder and a piston slidable in the cylinder, may include supplying pressurized air from an intake manifold to an air intake port of a combustion chamber in the cylinder, selectively operating an air intake valve to open the air intake port to allow pressurized air to flow between the combustion chamber and the intake manifold substantially during a majority portion of a compression stroke of the piston, and operably controlling a fuel supply system to inject fuel into the combustion chamber after the intake valve is closed.

Air and fuel supply system for combustion engine

A method includes determining a machine shaft torque demand and a machine shaft speed, in response to the machine shaft torque demand and the machine shaft speed, determining a machine power demand, determining a power division description between an internal combustion engine, a first electrical torque provider, and a second electrical torque provider, determining a hybrid power train configuration as one of series and parallel, determining a baseline power division description in response to a vehicle speed and the machine power demand, determining a state-of-charge (SOC) deviation for an electrical energy storage device electrically coupled to the first electrical torque provider and the second electrical torque provider, and adjusting the baseline power division description in response to the SOC deviation and the hybrid power train configuration.

System, method, and apparatus for controlling power output distribution in a hybrid power train

Various embodiments of an apparatus, system, and method are disclosed for reducing NO x emissions on an SCR catalyst. For example, according to one representative embodiment, an apparatus for reducing NO x emissions in an engine exhaust includes a NO x reduction target module that is configured to determine a NO x reduction requirement that includes an amount of NO x in the exhaust gas stream to be reduced on a selective catalytic reduction (SCR) catalyst. The apparatus also includes an ammonia target module that is configured to determine an ammonia addition requirement that includes an amount of ammonia added to the exhaust gas stream to achieve the NO x reduction requirement. The apparatus also includes a reductant target module that is configured to determine a reductant injection requirement that includes an amount of reductant added to the exhaust gas stream to achieve the ammonia addition requirement. The apparatus further includes a reductant limiting module that is configured to determine whether at least one reductant limiting condition is met and to limit the amount of reductant added in response to the at least one reductant limiting condition if the at least one reductant limiting condition has been met.

APPARATUS, SYSTEM, AND METHOD FOR REDUCING NOx EMISSIONS ON AN SCR CATALYST

A method is provided for producing ammonia (NH 3 ) and introducing the produced ammonia (NH 3 ) into an exhaust gas stream as a reduction means for selectively catalytically reducing nitrogen oxides contained in the exhaust gas stream, which is an exhaust stream generated by the combustion process of a motor, a gas turbine, or a burner. The method comprises feeding dry urea from a supply container in a controlled amount to reactor and subjecting the dry urea in the reactor to a sufficiently rapid thermal treatment such that a gas mixture comprising the reaction products of ammonia (NH 3 ) and isocyanic acid (HCNO) is created. Also, the method comprises immediately catalytically treating the thus produced gas mixture in the presence of water such that the isocyanic acid (HCNO) resulting from the rapid thermal treatment is converted, via quantitative hydrolysis treatment, into ammonia (NH 3 ) and carbon dioxide (CO 2 ).

Method and apparatus for producing ammonia (NH3)

of EP1338562Production of ammonia and feeding it to the off-gas from combustion in an engine, gas turbine or burner to selectively catalyze reduction of nitrogen oxides involves feeding regulated amounts of dry urea from a vessel (7) into a reactor (8) where its is 'blitz' thermolyzed to a mixture of ammonia and isocyanic acid (HNCO), the mixture being catalytically treated in presence of water to convert the HNCO to ammonia and carbon dioxide. An Independent claim is also included for apparatus for the process comprising a vessel (7) containing urea powder, granulate or microprills, a reactor (8) with a chamber (9) divided into a thermolysis and a hydrolysis zone, an arrangement (13 - 17) regulating the urea introduction into reactor (8), an electrical heating element (10) in thermolysis zone (9) regulated by a device (20) such that 'blitz' thermolysis occurs spontaneously, a feed (18, 19) introducing water or a water-containing gas into chamber (9) and a catalyst (11) in the hydrolysis zone for converting the isocyanic acid (HCNO) to ammonia and carbon dioxide.

Process and apparatus for producing ammonia

Die Erfindung betrifft ein Verfahren und eine Vorrichtung zur Erzeugung von Ammoniak (NH¶3¶) und dessen anschliesende Einspeisung als Reduktionsmittel in einen aus einem Verbrennungsprozess eines Motors, einer Gasturbine oder eines Brenners resultierenden Abgasstrom fur die selektive katalytische Reduktion darin enthaltener Stickoxide. Die erfindungsgemase Vorrichtung ist so ausgebildet, dass das erfindungsgemase Verfahren wie folgt ablaufen kann. Es wird trockener Harnstoff aus einer Bevorratung (7) in geregelter Menge einem Reaktor (8) zugefuhrt und in diesem durch Blitzthermolyse in Ammoniak (NH¶3¶) und Isocyansaure (NHCO) gespalten. Das so entstandene Gasgemisch wird unmittelbar anschliesend in Gegenwart von Wasser (H¶2¶O) katalytisch so nachbehandelt, dass auch die aus der Blitzthermolyse resultierende Isocyansaure (NHCO) durch quantitative Hydrolyse in Ammoniak (NH¶3¶) und Kohlendioxid (CO¶2¶) umgewandelt wird.

Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Erzeugung von Ammoniak

Ammoniak ist als ein selektives Reduktionsmittel zur katalytischen Reduktion von Stickoxiden bekannt und wird seit langem erfolgreich im Kraftwerksbereich eingesetzt. Wegen der vergleichsweise hohen Sicherheitsrisiken bei der Verwendung von Ammoniak ist die Alternative Harnstoff fur die NOx-Minderung bei Fahrzeugdieselmotoren interessant. Harnstoff ist preiswert, problemlos zu handhaben und toxikologisch unbedenklich. Durch katalytische Hydrolyse von Harnstoff wird Ammoniak fur die katalytische Reduktion von Stickoxiden erzeugt. Bei optimalen Motorbetriebsbedingungen lassen sich mit Harnstoff-SCR-Systemen quantitative NOx-Umsatze ohne Ammoniakschlupf erzielen. Der Anteil harnstoff-generierter Partikel ist bei allen Motorbetriebsbedingungen sehr gering. Die dargestellten Ergebnisse basieren auf einem Vorhaben der Forschungsvereinigung Verbrennungskraftmaschinen e.V. (FVV). Teil 2 der Untersuchung wurde in [1] vorgestellt.

Eberhard Dr. Jacob

Papers

Method and apparatus for producing ammonia (NH3)

Process and apparatus for producing ammonia

Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Erzeugung von Ammoniak

NOx-Verminderung bei Dieselmotoren