다중혈관 관상동맥 환자에서 y-문합을 이용하여 양쪽 내흉동맥만을 사용한 우회술의 조기 성적

Intelligent transportation systems will play a key role in the smart cities of the future. In particular, railway transportation is gaining attention as a promising solution to cope with the mobility challenges in large urban areas. Thanks to the miniaturisation of sensors and the deployment of fast data networks, the railway industry is being augmented with contextual, real-time information that opens the door to novel and personalised services. Despite the benefits of this digitalisation, the high complexity of railway transportation entails a number of challenges, particularly from security and privacy perspectives. Since railway assets are attractive targets for terrorism, coping with strong security and privacy requirements such as cryptography and privacy-preserving methods is of utmost importance. This article provides a thorough systematic literature review on information security and privacy within railway transportation systems, following the well-known methodology proposed by vom Brocke et al. We sketch out the most relevant studies and outline the main focuses, challenges and solutions described in the literature, considering technical, societal, regulatory and ethical approaches. Additionally, we discuss the remaining open issues and suggest several research lines that will gain relevance in the years to come.

https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/20/7698/pdf?version=1666517367

Information Security and Privacy in Railway Transportation: A Systematic Review

Introduction. The problem of determining the train coordinates on the approach section to the crossing is associated with the impact of destabilizing factors on the information primary detector ? the rail line with distributed parameters. This leads to an error in calculating train coordinates. The aim of the study is to develop and scientifically substantiate the principle of building a system for calculating train coordinates with self-tuning of the decision function under the influence of significant destabilizing factors on the information primary sensor.
Materials and Methods. To solve the problem of reliable determination of train coordinates, we propose a two-phase principle for forming the decision function. At the first stage, by means of a training sample of images and using the learning principle, the decision function (model) of the system for calculating train coordinates is determined. When the train enters a fixed-length approach section, the mismatch is determined by comparing the calculated coordinate with the fixed one. The second stage is the self-tuning of the coefficients of the decision function until the required accuracy is achieved.
Results. The article shows the stages of forming the decision function by two-dimensional images; there was developed and tested an algorithm for self-turning of the decision function under the influence of various destabilizing factors. Through using 6 attributes of components of current and voltage vectors at the rail line input, 6 solving functions were obtained. Various combinations of two-dimensional images were used as polynomial arguments.
Discussion and Conclusion. The study results confirm the feasibility of forming decision function and its self-tuning. The maximum error in calculating coordinates for various combinations ranges from 9.97% (199.34 m) to 4.57% (91.49 m). The error of determination of 5% for two decisive functions satisfies the safety requirements, since in a 45-second time interval to activate an automatic crossing signal, a distance of 100 m is covered in 3 seconds, i.e. the elapsed time is only 3 seconds in a 45 second interval.

Automated Train Coordinate Determination System with Self-Tuning of the Decision Function

With the increasing demand for business English talents, how to evaluate the effect of business English Teaching (ET) effectively has attracted increasing attention. Traditional evaluation methods are time-consuming and labor-intensive, and at the same time problems such as incomplete information and delayed feedback go along with them. In regard to this situation, this paper proposes to construct a comprehensive ability evaluation (CAE) system for business ET based on the perspective of intelligent algorithm. The article first states the current situation of business ET, then discusses the role of teaching CAE. Next it studies the application of intelligent algorithms, and on this basis, tests for the security of the evaluation system have been conducted. The test results show that the system has a high utilization rate of resources, which means the system can aid students’ learning effectively. Also, the system runs well, has high security, and is convenient to operate, which can help teachers master students’ learning situation and improve teaching level with efficiency. 

Implementation of Comprehensive Ability Evaluation System for Business Comprehensive Ability Evaluation Based on Intelligent Algorithm

With the increasing demand for business English talents, how to evaluate the effect of business English Teaching (ET) effectively has attracted increasing attention. Traditional evaluation methods are time-consuming and labor-intensive, and at the same time problems such as incomplete information and delayed feedback go along with them. In regard to this situation, this paper proposes to construct a comprehensive ability evaluation (CAE) system for business ET based on the perspective of intelligent algorithm. The article first states the current situation of business ET, then discusses the role of teaching CAE. Next it studies the application of intelligent algorithms, and on this basis, tests for the security of the evaluation system have been conducted. The test results show that the system has a high utilization rate of resources, which means the system can aid students’ learning effectively. Also, the system runs well, has high security, and is convenient to operate, which can help teachers master students’ learning situation and improve teaching level with efficiency.

With the advancement of modern rail transport systems, high-speed railways’ safety and reliability is improved enormously due to proper intelligent traffic management systems. The automatic train control and operating system receive the train location beacons and the railway line’s essential information through various channels, such as Balise wirelessly. However, this technology is vulnerable to cyber-physical attacks. This article aims to investigate the existing cyber attacks on Balise that can result a physical turmoil. Due to the limitations and constraints of the railway infrastructures, the attacks and failure detection methods are proposed based on machine learning. Also, a fuzzy countermeasure system is developed to improve train safety against known and unknown cyber-attacks. The simulation results show 92% accuracy in the proposed successful attacks detection system. Moreover, a small amount of false-positive and false-negative warnings can be also revealed employing the proposed scheme. The proposed method does not require change railway infrastructure.

Improve Safety and Security of Intelligent Railway Transportation System Based on Balise Using Machine Learning Algorithm and Fuzzy System

Visible Light Communication (VLC)is one of the most efficient way of wireless data transmission that has attracted a number of researchers. In this paper, a simplex VLC system standard employing a Digital Signal Processor (DSP)chipset is implemented. This system is compliant with a physical layer regarding IEEE802.lS.7 PRY1 modes. It is tried to use low-cost hardware with a suitable performance for short distance VLC communication. Bit Error Rate (BER)performance of 4.462Kb/s and 70.92Kb/s is measured at different distances.

Ebrahim Shafiee

Papers

Improve Safety and Security of Intelligent Railway Transportation System Based on Balise Using Machine Learning Algorithm and Fuzzy System

Design and Implementation of a Visible Light Communication and Coding System Based on IEEE802.15.7 Standard