The third way: the renewal of social democracy

Volunteer tourism—''involve me and i will learn''?

The eco-efficiency of tourism.

Community-based tourism ventures, benefits and challenges: Khama Rhino Sanctuary Trust, Central District, Botswana

https://profile.nus.edu.sg/fass/geosinhl/sin%202010%20-%20who%20are%20we%20responsible%20for.pdf

Who are we responsible to? Locals' tales of volunteer tourism

A broad agreement exists that tourism is an effective instrument for social and economic development. However, there is no specific theoretical or practical framework of tourism for development to be found. Even the key issues have remained unformulated: concept of development, tourism's contributions to development, and tourism policy and governance for development. This chapter first summarizes the development paradigms held in the last decades (modernization, neoliberalism, dependency, and sustainability) vis-a-vis tourism, and then goes on to consider proposals emanating from New Institutional Economics and the Theory of Social Capital. It concludes with the results of a 2011 enquiry, involving some 60 international experts.

Tourism for Development

A broad agreement exists among academics, professionals and politicians that tourism is an effective instrument for social and economic development. However, there is no specifi c theoretical or practical framework of tourism for deve- lopment to be found. Even the key questions have remained unformulated: (i) what does the concept of development entail? (ii) which are tourism's contributions to such development?, and (iii) what types of tourism policy and governance are congruent with the intended tourism for development? This article preliminarily analyzes and answers these key questions. It fi rst summarizes the development paradigms held in the last decades (modernization, neo-liberalism, dependency and sustainability) and goes on to consider the new proposals emanating from the New Institutional Economics and the Theory of Social Capital. In this context, the key elements of a "tourism for development policy and governance" are examined. Finally, the results of a 2011 enquiry, involving some 60 experts from 15 countries, on development vis-a-vis tourism are presented.

/pdf/turismo-como-instrumento-de-desarrollo-una-vision-3oozzmat42.pdf

Turismo como instrumento de desarrollo: Una visión alternativa desde factores humanos, sociales e institucionales

Las cuestiones macro y micro del turismo convergen en el ambito de los destinos o clusters turisticos. Es por ello quiza que la literatura academica y profesional sobre destinos turisticos se ha multiplicado en los ultimos anos. Sin embargo, ante la asombrosa carencia de recomendaciones, buenas practicas, normas o estandares voluntarios de ambito global -procedentes de los Organismos Internacionales con competencias en turismo- no es de extranar que esta literatura haya sido de naturaleza panoramica, mas interesada en mostrar la miriada de opciones teoricas posibles que de sistematizar y estructurar la estrategia, y optimizar la gestion de los destinos. La inexistencia de sistemas de informacion estadistica avanzados y el exceso de atencion hacia los flujos turisticos internacionales, en detrimento del analisis del turismo domestico, complican mas la situacion. En este contexto se propone una metodologia de analisis, posicionamiento estrategico y gestion competitiva que ha sido elaborada en un proceso teorico-practico durante los ultimos diez anos. La metodologia FAS (Factores, Attractors, Sistemas Soporte) para el analisis turistico, y la politica sectorial y gobernanza a nivel de destinos, nace en 2002 en el contexto de un proyecto Eureka/ComTur que investigaba las aplicaciones de la inteligencia artificial a la gestion de instituciones. La naturaleza del proyecto obligo a metodizar conceptos de uso frecuente -e interpretacion borrosa- como destino turistico, posicionamiento estrategico, competitividad, agentes, optimizacion de politicas, desarrollo, capital humano, capital social e institucional, recursos turisticos, productos... y un largo etcetera. De aquellas consideraciones y trabajos, y de la aplicacion de los mismos en multiples casos nace este articulo.

El modelo FAS: orígenes, desarrollo y aplicación en destinos turísticos

La politica turistica y la gobernanza son dos areas teorico- La politica turistica y la gobernanza son dos areas teorico-practicas de maxima relevancia contemporanea para los Estados, las regiones y los destinos turisticos. Sin embargo, todavia hoy no se ha definido un marco conceptual comun ni por las Naciones Unidas o la Union Europea ni por otras instituciones. Consecuentemente, son aun mayoria los paises europeos que, incluyendo la actividad turistica en sus competencias, carecen de planes explicitos y coherentes en materia de accion publica en turismo. En un contexto tal, este articulo estudia los conceptos y procesos relacionados con la elaboracion de un plan de politica turistica y su implementacion, y muestra los resultados de una investigacion realizada entre los responsables de las politicas publicas de turismo de 45 Estados pertenecientes a la “Region Europa” de la OMT. Este acercamiento a la teoria y practica de la politica turistica pretende aportar una metodologia innovadora pero homogenea y coherente con otras politicas publicas sectoriales y transversales. El uso de esta metodologia permitiria trabajar en un ambito conceptual comun, incrementando el conocimiento sistematico de las actividades turisticas y optimizando sus operaciones y resultados tambien desde el angulo de la accion colectiva

http://www.papersdeturisme.gva.es/ojs/index.php/Papers/article/download/196/163

Elaborando un plan de política turística: consideraciones metodológicas

Something important changed the world 50 years ago. It was in the late 1960s and throughout the 1970s when the realization of fast approaching limits to growth came down like a hammer, striking a strong blow on business -as -usual world political and socio -economic paradigms. Of course, classical economists like Malthus had already sounded a warning 150 years before. Then, scientific and technological advances postponed the inevitable. Finally, the Club of Rome thinkers (Meadows, Meadows, Randers, and Behrens, 1972) and two oil crises dispelled the illusion of limitless growth in a small planet, with the controversy being retaken afresh in the 21st century (Meadows, Randers and Meadows, 2004; Stern, 2006; Bardi, 2011). Meanwhile, tourism was well in its way to becoming a key global activity. The landmark of 100 million international arrivals a year had been reached by 1965 and the mass tourism paradigm, inspired in the prevailing rules for industrial production (standardized products at low marginal cost), had taken deep roots. However, the complex interaction between limits to growth and tourism global figures remained generally ignored at both the domestic and international levels (Fayos -Sola and Jafari, 2010; Fayos -Sola, Alvarez and Cooper, 2014; Fayos -Sola, 2016 forthcoming). In fact, it was not really until the late 1980s that some voices were raised expressing concern about the growing impacts of tourism activities. They first referred to mainly the socio -cultural negative impacts at micro -destination level, although the environmental large scale impacts (on the Mediterranean shores, for example) were highly visible by then. But it was only in 1995 that the first Charter for Sustainable Tourism was born from the World Conference on Sustainable Tourism, held in Lanzarote, Canary Islands, Spain, in 1995, undoubtedly inspired by the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, the Rio Earth Summit of 1992. (WCST, 1995; UNEP, 1992). The Rio Declaration on Environment and Development proclaimed 27 principles, without any specific mention of tourism as a global activity with many potential and actual environmental and developmental impacts. However, principles 5 and 6 (international cooperation for development), principle 7 (international efforts preventing environmental degradation), and principles 10, 22 and 27 (inclusiveness of all citizens), could be read by the UN Member States as clearly affecting tourism policy. The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change has received 166 Member State ratification signatures to date. In this framework, the Lanzarote Charter for Sustainable Tourism of 1995 proclaimed 18 “principles and objectives” specifically referring to the ethical, environmental, socio -cultural and economic impacts

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Eduardo Fayos Solá

Papers

Tourism for Development

Turismo como instrumento de desarrollo: Una visión alternativa desde factores humanos, sociales e institucionales

El modelo FAS: orígenes, desarrollo y aplicación en destinos turísticos

Elaborando un plan de política turística: consideraciones metodológicas

Sustainability and Shifting Paradigms in Tourism