Categorical data analysis: Away from ANOVAs (transformation or not) and towards logit mixed models

人教版高中英语新课程教材中,语言运用（Using Language）是每个单元必不可少的部分,提供了围绕单元中心话题的听、说、读、写的综合性练习,是单元中心话题的延续和升华.如何设计Using Language部分的教学,使自己的教学模式既不落俗套,又能真正体现新课程标准所倡导的教学理念,正是广大一线英语教师一直努力探索的问题.

打磨Using Language,倡导新理念

http://psych.colorado.edu/~kimlab/Gibson.1998.pdf

Linguistic complexity: locality of syntactic dependencies

K. Haberlandt, Methods in Reading Research. F. Ferreira and M. Anes, Why Study Spoken Language? K. Rayner and S.C. Sereno, Eye Movements in Reading Psycholinguistic Studies. M. Kutas and C.K. Van Petten, Psycholinguistics Electrified: Event-Related Brain Potential Investigations. R.E. Remez, A Guide to Research on the Perception of Speech. K.R. Kluender, Speech Perception as a Tractable Problem in Cognitive Science. D.W. Massaro, Psychological Aspects of Speech Perception: Implications for Research and Theory. S.E. Lively, D.B. Pisoni, and S.D. Goldinger, Spoken Word Recognition: Research and Theory. D.A. Balota, Visual Word Recognition: The Journey from Features to Meaning. G.B. Simpson, Context and the Processing of Ambiguous Words. D.C. Mitchell, Sentence Parsing. R.W. Gibbs, Jr., Figurative Thought and Figurative Language. C. Cacciari and S. Glucksberg, Understanding Figurative Language. M. Singer, Discourse Inference Processes. A.C. Graesser, C.L. McMahen, and B.K. Johnson, Question Asking and Answering. P. van den Broek, Comprehension and Memory of Narrative Texts: Inferences and Coherence. C.R. Fletcher, Levels of Representation in Memory for Discourse. A.M. Glenberg, P. Kruley, and W.E. Langston, Analogical Processes in Comprehension: Simulation of a Mental Model. B.K. Britton, Understanding Expository Text: Building Mental Structures to Induce Insights. S.C. Garrod and A.J. Sanford, Resolving Sentences in a Discourse Context: How Discourse Representation Affects Language Understanding. A.J. Sanford and S.C. Garrod, Selective Processing in Text Understanding. W. Kintsch, The Psychology of Discourse Processing. P. Bloom, Recent Controversies in the Study of Language Acquisition. L. Gerken, Child Phonology: Past Research, Present Questions, Future Directions. J. Oakhill, Individual Differences in Children's Text Comprehension. C.A. Perfetti, Psycholinguistics and Reading Ability. R.K. Olson, Language Deficits in Specific Reading Disability. K. Kilborn, Learning a Language Late: Second Language Acquisition in Adults. K. Bock and W. Levelt, Language Production: Grammatical Encoding. H.H. Clark, Discourse in Production. D. Caplan, Language and the Brain. E. Zurif and D. Swinney, The Neuropsychology of Language. P.A. Carpenter, A. Miyake, and M.A Just, Working Memory Constraints in Comprehension: Evidence from Individual Differences, Aphasia, and Aging. A. Garnham, Future Directions. Index.

Handbook of Psycholinguistics

Ambiguity resolution is a central problem in language comprehension. Lexical and syntactic ambiguities are standardly assumed to involve different types of knowledge representations and be resolved by different mechanisms. An alternative account is provided in which both types of ambiguity derive from aspects of lexical representation and are resolved by the same processing mechanisms. Reinterpreting syntactic ambiguity resolution as a form of lexical ambiguity resolution obviates the need for special parsing principles to account for syntactic interpretation preferences, reconciles a number of apparently conflicting results concerning the roles of lexical and contextual information in sentence processing, explains differences among ambiguities in terms of ease of resolution, and provides a more unified account of language comprehension than was previously available.

The lexical nature of syntactic ambiguity resolution

A major issue in understanding how language is implemented in the brain involves understanding the use of language in language comprehension and production. However, before we look to the brain to see what areas are associated with language processing phenomena, it is necessary to have good psychological theories of the relevant behavioral phenomena. Recent results have suggested that constructing an interpretation for a sentence involves the moment-by-moment integration of a variety of different information sources, constrained by the available computational resources (see, e.g., Ford, Bresnan, and Kaplan 1982; MacDonald, Pearlmutter, and Seidenberg 1994; Trueswell, Tanenhaus, and Garnsey 1994; Trueswell1996; Tyler and MarslenWilson 1977; McClelland, St. John, and Taraban 1989; Pearlmutter and MacDonald 1992; Crain and Steedman 1985; Altmann and Steedman, 1988; Ni , Crain, and Shankweiler 1996; see Gibson and Pearlmutter 1998 and Tanenhaus and Trueswell 1995 for summaries). This chapter presents evidence for one theory of resource use in sentence co"mprehension: the dependency locality theory (DLT ). If the evidence for a theory such as this one accumulates, it will then make sense to look for neural correlates of the theory (see Kaan et ale 1998; Harris 1998, for some initial attempts to find event-related potential measurements of brain activity corresponding to the components of the DLT ). An important part of a theory of sentence comprehension is a theory of how sentence structures are assembledsentence parsingas words are input one at a time. Two important components of sentence parsing consume computational resources:

The dependency locality theory: A distance-based theory of linguistic complexity.

The P600 component in Event Related Potential research has been hypothesised to be associated with syntactic reanalysis processes. We, however, propose that the P600 is not restricted to reanalysis processes, but reflects difficulty with syntactic integration processes in general. First we discuss this integration hypothesis in terms of a sentence processing model proposed elsewhere. Next, in Experiment 1, we show that the P600 is elicited in grammatical, non-garden path sentences in which integration is more difficult (i.e., ''who'' questions) relative to a control sentence (''whether'' questions). This effect is replicated in Experiment 2. Furthermore, we directly compare the effect of difficult integration in grammatical sentences to the effect of agreement violations. The results suggest that the positivity elicited in ''who'' questions and the P600-effect elicited by agreement violations have partly overlapping neural generators. This supports the hypothesis that similar cognitive processes, i.e., in...

/pdf/the-p600-as-an-index-of-syntactic-integration-difficulty-36xwmbaxxr.pdf

The P600 as an index of syntactic integration difficulty

In order to test the language-specificity of a known neural correlate of syntactic processing lthe P600 event-related brain potential (ERP) componentr, this study directly compared ERPs elicited by syntactic incongruities in language and music. Using principles of phrase structure for language and principles of harmony and key-relatedness for music, sequences were constructed in which an element was either congruous, moderately incongruous, or highly incongruous with the preceding structural context. A within-subjects design using 15 musically educated adults revealed that linguistic and musical structural incongruities elicited positivities that were statistically indistinguishable in a specified latency range. In contrast, a music-specific ERP component was observed that showed antero-temporal right-hemisphere lateralization. The results argue against the language-specificity of the P600 and suggest that language and music can be studied in parallel to address questions of neural specificity in cognitive processing.

/pdf/processing-syntactic-relations-in-language-and-music-an-4vl7xp5h4n.pdf

Processing Syntactic Relations in Language and Music: An Event-Related Potential Study

We demonstrate a substantial improvement on one of the most celebrated empirical laws in the study of language, Zipf's 75-y-old theory that word length is primarily determined by frequency of use. In accord with rational theories of communication, we show across 10 languages that average information content is a much better predictor of word length than frequency. This indicates that human lexicons are efficiently structured for communication by taking into account interword statistical dependencies. Lexical systems result from an optimization of communicative pressures, coding meanings efficiently given the complex statistics of natural language use.

https://www.pnas.org/content/pnas/108/9/3526.full.pdf

Edward Gibson

Papers

Linguistic complexity: locality of syntactic dependencies

The dependency locality theory: A distance-based theory of linguistic complexity.

The P600 as an index of syntactic integration difficulty

Processing Syntactic Relations in Language and Music: An Event-Related Potential Study

Word lengths are optimized for efficient communication