Nos últimos trinta trinta anos, houve profundas mudanças na forma como compreendemos o crime e a justiça criminal. O crime tornou-se um evento simbólico, um verdadeiro teste para a ordem social e para as políticas governamentais, um desafio para a sociedade civil, para a democracia e para os direitos humanos. Segundo David Garland, professor da Faculdade de Direito da New York University, um dos principais autores no campo da Sociologia da Punição e com artigo publicado na Revista de Sociologia e Política , número 13, na modernidade tardia houve uma verdadeira obsessão securitária, direcionando as políticas criminais para um maior rigor em relação às penas e maior intolerância com o criminoso. Há trinta anos, nos EUA e na Inglaterra essa tendência era insuspeita. O livro mostra que os dois países compartilham intrigantes similaridades em suas práticas criminais, a despeito da divisão racial, das desigualdades econômicas e da letalidade violenta que marcam fortemente o cenário americano. Segundo David Garland, encontram-se nos dois países os “mesmos tipos de riscos e inseguranças, a mesma percepção a respeito dos problemas de um controle social não-efetivo, as mesmas críticas da justiça criminal tradicional, e as mesmas ansiedades recorrentes sobre mudança e ordem sociais”1 (GARLAND, 2001, p. 2). O argumento principal da obra é o seguinte: a modernidade tardia, esse distintivo padrão de relações sociais, econômicas e culturais, trouxe consigo um conjunto de riscos, inseguranças e problemas de controle social que deram uma configuração específica às nossas respostas ao crime, ao garantir os altos custos das políticas criminais, o grau máximo de duração das penas e a excessivas taxas de encarceramento.

http://www.scielo.br/pdf/rsocp/n20/n20a15.pdf

The culture of control: crime and social order in contemporary, society

Why Men Rebel was first published in 1970 on the heels of a decade of political violence and protest not only in remote corners of Africa and Southeast Asia, but also at home in the United States. Forty years later, the world is riveted on uprisings in the Middle East, and the United States has been overtaken by a focus on international terrorism and a fascination with citizen movements at home and abroad. Do the arguments of 1970 apply today? Why Men Rebel lends new insight into contemporary challenges of transnational recruitment and organization, multimedia mobilization, and terrorism.

Why Men Rebel

Social network analysis has been one of the fastest growing and most influential areas of recent times. This sparkling Handbook offers an unrivalled resource. Systematically, it introduces readers to the key concepts, substantive topics, central methods, and prime debates. The result is a peerless resource for teachers and students. Instead of consulting a variety of books and journal articles, the Handbook offers a one-stop guide that will be used by readers for decades to come.

The SAGE Handbook of Social Network Analysis

Objective knowledge: an evolutionary approach

Find the secret to improve the quality of life by reading this group based modeling of development. This is a kind of book that you need now. Besides, it can be your favorite book to read after having this book. Do you ask why? Well, this is a book that has different characteristic with others. You may not need to know who the author is, how well-known the work is. As wise word, never judge the words from who speaks, but make the words as your good value to your life.

Group-Based Modeling of Development

This paper presents the main findings of quantitative and qualitative research into the criminal careers of about 1000 offenders who were involved in 80 extensively analysed cases of organized crime. The paper analyses how and when offenders become known to the criminal justice authorities, studies in depth the criminal careers of `starters' and analyses in detail the criminal careers of (ring)leaders and `nodal' offenders. Because social ties play an important role in organized crime, the paper emphasizes that the social opportunity structure, defined as social ties providing access to profitable criminal opportunities, is extremely important for explaining involvement in organized crime. It explains why certain offenders `progress' to certain types of organized crime whereas others become involved only later on in life. Social opportunity structure may also explain interesting phenomena such as `late starters' — people without any appreciable criminal history — and people in conventional jobs who switch...

Criminal Careers in Organized Crime and Social Opportunity Structure

The social embeddedness of organized crime

When organized crime reached the political agenda in the early 1990s, it was framed in terms of “Mafia‐type” organizations and infiltration in (local) governments, geographical areas, and economic sectors (racketeering). This conception contradicted the phenomenon: the primary business of organized crime is more fittingly described as “transit crime,” as opposed to the control of economic sectors or regions. Criminal groups should be viewed as “criminal networks” (instead of as pyramidal structures), as can be seen in several illegal activities: drug trafficking, human trafficking for sexual exploitation, smuggling of illegal immigrants, arms trafficking, and trafficking in stolen vehicles. The misconception of the nature of organized crime put criminal investigation strategies on the wrong track, but the changing view of organized crime is mirrored by a change in criminal investigation strategies. Flexible “prompt intervention” strategies are more common, as an alternative to the large‐scale and...

https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/501509

Organized crime, transit crime and racketeering.

Mede naar aanleiding van de conclusies van de Parlementaire Enquetecommissie Opsporingsmethoden is door de minister van Justitie aan de Tweede Kamer onder meer toegezegd om tweejaarlijks te rapporteren over de aard van de georganiseerde criminaliteit in Nederland en te signaleren ontwikkelingen. De WODC-monitor georganiseerde criminaliteit vormt de concrete invulling van deze toezegging. Dit monitor-onderzoek heeft als doel om door middel van systematische verzameling van kennis het leervermogen van politie en justitie te vergroten en een relevante basis te verschaffen voor de vorming en uitvoering van preventief en repressief beleid. Het betreft een periodiek onderzoek met als centrale probleemstelling: wat is de aard van de georganiseerde criminaliteit in Nederland en welke ontwikkelingen zijn op dit gebied te onderkennen? Dit rapport is een vervolg op de voormalige CBO-inventarisaties (Coordinerend Beleidsoverleg) en het werk van de onderzoeksgroep Fijnaut. Voor de aanpak van het verschijnsel georganiseerde criminaliteit is het in de eerste plaats van belang te weten met wat voor soort criminele samenwerkingsverbanden we van doen hebben. In de tweede plaats is het van belang om na te gaan welke wisselwerking er bestaat tussen criminele samenwerkingsverbanden en hun sociale en maatschappelijke omgeving. In dit onderzoek is ervoor gekozen om de nadruk te leggen op de intensieve bestudering van de resultaten van veertig geselecteerde grootschalige opsporingsonderzoeken.

/pdf/georganiseerde-criminaliteit-in-nederland-tweede-rapportage-40adg4nijn.pdf

Georganiseerde criminaliteit in Nederland : Tweede rapportage op basis van de WODC-monitor

Online forums serve as offender convergence settings for cybercriminals, but it is unknown whether all cybercriminal networks use forums. Important questions are how cybercriminals meet, how cybercriminal networks develop and what this means for the criminal capabilities of these networks. To gain insight into these questions, we analysed 18 criminal investigations into phishing and malware networks and developed four models of growth. Social ties still play an important role in the origin and growth of the majority of networks. Forums, however, also play a significant role in a number of networks, for example, to find suitable co-offenders or to get into contact with enablers. Criminals with access to forums are able to increase criminal capabilities of their network relatively quickly.

Edward R. Kleemans

Papers

Criminal Careers in Organized Crime and Social Opportunity Structure

The social embeddedness of organized crime

Organized crime, transit crime and racketeering.

Georganiseerde criminaliteit in Nederland : Tweede rapportage op basis van de WODC-monitor

Cybercriminal Networks, Social Ties and Online Forums: Social Ties Versus Digital Ties within Phishing and Malware Networks