This paper reviews the literature on the Nl wave of the human auditory evoked potential. It concludes that at least six different cerebral processes can contribute to (he negative wave recorded from the scalp with a peak latency between 50 and 150 ms: a component generated in the auditory-cortex on the supratemporal plane, a component generated in the association cortex on the lateral aspect of the temporal and parietal cortex, a component generated in the motor and premotor cortices, the mismatch negativity, a temporal component of the processing negativity, and a frontal component of the processing negativity, The first three, which can be considered ‘true’ N1 components, are controlled by the physical and temporal aspects of the stimulus and by the general state of the subject. The other three components are not necessarily elicited by a stimulus but depend on the conditions in which the stimulus occurs. They often last much longer than the true N1 components that they overlap.

The N1 wave of the human electric and magnetic response to sound: a review and an analysis of the component structure

Illuminating detailed methods for assessing bias in commonly used I.Q., aptitude, and achievement tests, Jensen argues that standardized tests are not biased against Englishspeaking minority groups and describes the uses of such tests in education and employment.

Bias in Mental Testing

• Human and animal model studies of sensorimotor gating allow us to understand the functional significance of attentional abnormalities and monoaminergic alterations in patients with schizophrenic disorders. Clinically, schizophrenic patients report oversensitivity to sensory stimulation that theoretically correlates with stimulus overload and leads to cognitive fragmentation. Paradigms using cortical event-related potentials and the prepulse inhibition of startle responses show that schizophrenic patients also have impaired central nervous system inhibition (sensorimotor gating). Animal model studies demonstrate that increased systemic aminergic activity and increased nucleus accumbens dopamine tone causes sensorimotor gating failure, similar to that seen in schizophrenic patients. The time course of the observed schizophrenic and animal model deficits is compatible with the "temporal map" of monoaminergic neuron functions (ie, several hundred miliseconds). Studies of sensorimotor gating allow investigators to comment on the spatial and temporal mapping of neurons, trait and state deficits, and vulnerability factors in the schizophrenic spectrum of disorders. By translating attentional theories into testable hypotheses, the neurobiology of schizophrenic disorders becomes clearer.

Sensorimotor Gating and Schizophrenia: Human and Animal Model Studies

and general: a + b = b + a. All algebraic formulas and equations are decontextualized statements. Syllogisms can be decontextualized: Which statement (1 or 2) is false? (1) All Xs are Y; all Ys are Z; therefore all Xs are Z. (2) All Ps are Q; all Ns are Q; therefore all Ps are N. Now notice how much easier equivalent syllogisms seem when they are contextualized: (1) All men are persons; all persons are human; therefore all men are human. (2) All chickens are fowl; all ducks are fowl; therefore all chickens are ducks. A person who is unable to decontextualize a syllogism would most likely declare the following syllogism to be false, although in terms of pure logic (but not experience) it is true: All apples are fruit; all fruits are green; therefore all apples are green. Syllo­ gisms are no longer used in IQ tests, because syllogisms are uniformly easy for persons who solve them by using Venn diagrams. Since knowing or not knowing the ' 'trick'' of using a Venn diagram is the main determinant of passing or failing a syllogism, syllo­ gisms are poor items for an IQ test. Different persons with the same IQ differ much too markedly on \"syllogism ability,\" a difference often attributable to their either having learned or not having learned the \"trick\" of using Venn diagrams for verifying syllo­ gisms. However, syllogisms would be suitable items in an achievement test, to determine whether a student had mastered the use of Venn diagrams after receiving instruction. 28. Lynn, 1987a, 1987b, 1989, 1990a, 1990b; Lynn & Pagliari, 1994. 29. Schoenthaler et al., 1991. A good, though far from comprehensive, article on the effects of nutrition on IQ (Ricciuti, 1994) offers a somewhat more conservative assess­ ment than the articles by Lynn and by Schoenthaler. Eysenck (1995) discusses the use of nutrients as a means of sudying intelligence differences experimentally. Eysenck and Schoenthaler (1997) provide the most recent and comprehensive review of experimental studies of the effects of nutrition on IQ. 30. Jensen (1997a) reviews much of the recent literature on the effects of the biological environmental factors (including mother-fetus immunogenic incompatibility factors) on mental development. Most of the environmental variance in IQ is attributable to the cumulative effect of such biological factors. Jensen (1996a) replies to an article by Flynn (in the same book) and summarizes the specific environmental factors hypothesized to play some part in the secular rise in IQ. 31. Modern mass-production poultry farms make use of this phenomenon, by keeping chicks under bright electric lighting twenty-four hours a day, to hasten their rate of growth and the time needed to reach their maximum egg-laying capacity. 32. (a) Lucas et al., 1992; (b) Ryan et al., 1991.

The g factor.

https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/S0140525X0002063X

On artificial intelligence

Human electrocortical potentials evoked by self-administered auditory and visual stimuli manifest much smaller amplitude and faster poststimulus timing than do average brain responses evoked by identical machine-delivered stimuli. Auditory evoked potentials show this "self-stimulation effect" to a greater degree than do visual responses. For visual evoked potentials, the effect appears greater at the vertex association area than over the occipital cortex. Individual differences in the magnitude of the "self-stimutlation effect" relate to level of intelligence.

https://science.sciencemag.org/content/sci/181/4095/175.full.pdf

Edward W. P. Schafer

Papers

Self-Stimulation Alters Human Sensory Brain Responses

Self-stimulation alters human sensory brain responses