Publisher Summary
The Hippocratic Oath has guided the conduct of physicians for centuries. Inspired by its tenet of preserving privacy, it has been argued that future database systems must include responsibility for the privacy of data that they manage as a founding tenet. The explosive progress in networking, storage, and processor technologies is resulting in an unprecedented amount of digitization of information. It is estimated that the amount of information in the world is doubling every 20 months, and the size and number of databases are increasing even faster. In concert with this dramatic and escalating increase in digital data, concerns about the privacy of personal information have emerged globally. Privacy issues have been further exacerbated, now that the Internet makes it easy for new data to be automatically collected and added to databases. Privacy is the fight of individuals to determine for themselves when, how, and to what extent information about them is communicated to others. Privacy concerns are being fueled by an ever-increasing list of privacy violations, ranging from privacy accidents to illegal actions. Lax security for sensitive data is of equal concern.

Chapter 14 – Hippocratic Databases

The obligations concerning the exercise of the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion are to be interpreted in the light of their due respect for cultural rights according to the principle of Human Rights’ indivisibility and for the diversity of cultural resources. Mutual respect between individuals, including the possibility to exercise mutual criticism, is fundamental for peace; it is also an essential condition to achieve cooperation and, therefore, development. Under the pretence of defending a faith or an ideology, incitements to discrimination, hatred and violence are directed either at persons belonging to religious communities or at those not belonging to any. To confront them, it is essential to define the cultural content of fundamental freedoms and to specify the obligation of “critical respect” towards the diversity of religions and convictions that constitute human’s common heritage and

The United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights

In 1999, only 20 studies in the public health literature employed instruments to measure self-reported experiences of discrimination. Fifteen years later, the number of empirical investigations on discrimination and health easily exceeds 500, with these studies increasingly global in scope and focused on major types of discrimination variously involving race/ethnicity, indigenous status, immigrant status, gender, sexuality, disability, and age, separately and in combination. And yet, as I also document, even as the number of investigations has dramatically expanded, the scope remains narrow: studies remain focused primarily on interpersonal discrimination, and scant research investigates the health impacts of structural discrimination, a gap consonant with the limited epidemiologic research on political systems and population health. Accordingly, to help advance the state of the field, this updated review article: (a) briefly reviews definitions of discrimination, illustrated with examples from the United States; (b) discusses theoretical insights useful for conceptualizing how discrimination can become embodied and produce health inequities, including via distortion of scientific knowledge; (c) concisely summarizes extant evidence--both robust and inconsistent--linking discrimination and health; and (d) addresses several key methodological controversies and challenges, including the need for careful attention to domains, pathways, level, and spatiotemporal scale, in historical context.

https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.2190/HS.44.4.b

Discrimination and health inequities.

Following the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) and Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP), the demonstrations against investor-state arbitration and the wide discussion during the 2016 US presidential election, the climate surrounding foreign investment law is one of controversy and change, and with implications for human rights and environmental protection, foreign investment law has gained widespread public attention and visibility. Addressing the pressing need to examine foreign investment law in the context of public international law, the role of the multinational corporation in foreign investment and issues of liability for environmental and other damage, this new edition analyses contractual and treaty-based methods of investment protection and examines the effectiveness of bilateral and regional investment treaties. By offering thought-provoking analysis of the law in historical, political and economic contexts, this fully updated edition of Sornarajah's classic text captures leading trends and charts the possible course of future developments. Suitable for postgraduate and undergraduate students, The International Law on Foreign Investment is essential reading for anyone specialising in the law of foreign investments.

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The international law on foreign investment

This new edition of a textbook first published in 2000 provides a comprehensive account of the law of treaties from the viewpoint of an experienced practitioner. As such, it is the first, and only, book of its kind. Aust provides a wealth of examples of the problems experienced with treaties on a daily basis, not just when they are the subject of a court case. He explores numerous precedents from treaties and other related documents, such as memorandums of understanding (MOUs), in detail. Using clear, accessible language, the author covers the full extent of treaty law, drawing examples from both treaties and MOUs. Modern Treaty Law and Practice is essential reading for teachers and students of law, political science, international relations and diplomacy, who have an interest in treaties.

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Modern treaty law and practice

Corrections should be submitted in one of the working languages. They should be set forth in a memorandum and also incorporated in a copy of the record. They should be sent within one week of the date of this document to the Editing Unit, room E.4108, Palais des Nations, Geneva. Any corrections to the records of the public meetings of the Committee at this session will be consolidated in a single corrigendum, to be issued shortly after the end of the session.

The International Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Racial Discrimination

Article 50 of the Draft Articles on the Law of Treaties, which were presented by the International Law Commission to the General Assembly in 1966 and which the General Assembly has referred, as the basic proposal for consideration, to the international conference of plenipotentiaries, provides under the heading “Treaties conflicting with a peremptory norm of general international law (jus cogens)” that: A treaty is void if it conflicts with a peremptory norm of general international law from which no derogation is permitted and which can be modified only by a subsequent norm of general international law having the same character.

Some Aspects of International Jus Cogens as Formulated by the International Law Commission

The United Nations and Human Rights.

Privacy and Human Rights.

The Advisory Opinion on the Legal Consequences for States of the Continued Presence of South Africa in Namibia (South West Africa), notwithstanding Security Council Resolution 276 (1970), contains a veritable tour d’horizon of contemporary international law and of the law of international organizations. It ranges over provisions of the Covenant of the League of Nations and over many articles of the Charter of the United Nations.

Egon Schwelb

Papers

The International Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Racial Discrimination

Some Aspects of International Jus Cogens as Formulated by the International Law Commission

The United Nations and Human Rights.

Privacy and Human Rights.

The International Court of Justice and the Human Rights Clauses of the Charter