Certain data-communication protocols hog the spotlight, but all of them have a lot in common. Computer Networking: A Top-Down Approach Featuring the Internet explains the engineering problems that are inherent in communicating digital information from point to point. The top-down approach mentioned in the subtitle means that the book starts at the top of the protocol stack--at the application layer--and works its way down through the other layers, until it reaches bare wire. The authors, for the most part, shun the well-known seven-layer Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) protocol stack in favor of their own five-layer (application, transport, network, link, and physical) model. It's an effective approach that helps clear away some of the hand waving traditionally associated with the more obtuse layers in the OSI model. The approach is definitely theoretical--don't look here for instructions on configuring Windows 2000 or a Cisco router--but it's relevant to reality, and should help anyone who needs to understand networking as a programmer, system architect, or even administration guru.The treatment of the network layer, at which routing takes place, is typical of the overall style. In discussing routing, authors James Kurose and Keith Ross explain (by way of lots of clear, definition-packed text) what routing protocols need to do: find the best route to a destination. Then they present the mathematics that determine the best path, show some code that implements those algorithms, and illustrate the logic by using excellent conceptual diagrams. Real-life implementations of the algorithms--including Internet Protocol (both IPv4 and IPv6) and several popular IP routing protocols--help you to make the transition from pure theory to networking technologies. --David WallTopics covered: The theory behind data networks, with thorough discussion of the problems that are posed at each level (the application layer gets plenty of attention). For each layer, there's academic coverage of networking problems and solutions, followed by discussion of real technologies. Special sections deal with network security and transmission of digital multimedia.

Computer Networking: A Top-Down Approach

Review: Vehicular communication ad hoc routing protocols: A survey

The hierarchical and the centrally-controlled grid topology of existing electrical power systems has remained unchanged over the 20th century. On the other hand, there is a rapid increase in the cost of fossil fuels coupled with the inability of utility companies to expand their generation capacity in line with the rising electricity demand, without modernizing the grid. For these reasons, it is needed to modernize the existing power grids and consequently smart power grids have emerged. Unlike the benefits and features ensured by smart grids, this paper provides a detailed survey of the critical challenges in smart grids in terms of information and communication technologies, sensing, measurement, control and automation technologies, power electronics and energy storage technologies. It is expected that this paper will lead to the better understanding of potential constraints in smart grid technologies.

A survey on the critical issues in smart grid technologies

A system and method are described which enable planned evolution and obsolescence of multiuser wireless spectrum. One embodiment of such a system includes one or multiple centralized processors and one or multiple distributed nodes that communicate via wireline or wireless connections. The distributed nodes may share their identification number and other reconfigurable system parameters with the centralized processor. The information about all distributed nodes may be stored in a database that is shared by all centralized processors. The reconfigurable system parameters may comprise power emission, frequency band, modulation/coding scheme. The distributed nodes may be software defined radios such as FPGA, DSP, GPU and/or GPCPU that run algorithms for baseband signal processing and may be reconfigured remotely by the centralized processor. A cloud wireless system may be used wherein the distributed nodes are reconfigured periodically or instantly to adjust to the evolving wireless architecture.

System and methods for planned evolution and obsolescence of multiuser spectrum

In the present scenario, an energy efficiency has become a matter of prime importance for wireless networks. To meet the demands of an increased capacity, an improved data rate, and a better quality of the service of the next-generation networks, there is a need to adopt energy-efficient architectures. Along with these requirements, it is also our social responsibility to reduce the carbon footprint by reducing the power consumption in a wireless network. Hence, a green communication is an urgent need. In this paper, we have surveyed various techniques for the power optimization of the upcoming 5G networks. The primary focus is on the use of relays and small cells to improve the energy efficiency of the network. We have discussed the various scenarios of relaying for the next-generation networks. Along with this, the importance of simultaneous wireless power and information transfer, massive multiple input multiple output, and millimeter waves has been analyzed for 5G networks.

Power Optimization in 5G Networks: A Step Towards GrEEn Communication

http://bnrg.eecs.berkeley.edu/~randy/Courses/CS294.S13/13.1.pdf

The evolution to 4G cellular systems: LTE-Advanced

The various embodiments of the present invention relate generally to femto-relay systems and methods. An exemplary embodiment of the present invention provides a femto-relay system comprising a relay-radio, a femto-radio, a joint femto-relay resource management module, and an IP-backhaul QoS monitoring module. The relay-radio is in communication with a macro-cell base-station. The femto-radio is in communication with the relay-radio and configured to route signals between a core network and at least one femto-cell user equipment through an IP-backhaul link. The joint femto-relay resource management module is configured to intelligently manage radio resources between the femto-radio and the relay-radio to reduce cross-tier interference. The IP-backhaul QoS monitoring module is configured to monitor a QoS being delivered by the IP-backhaul link and notify the relay-radio to route signals between the femto-cell user equipment and core network through the macro-cell base-station if the QoS fall below a predetermined threshold.

Femto-relay systems and methods of managing same

Femtocells have emerged as an alternative solution for operators to improve coverage and throughput in indoor environments. However, modeling and development platforms are still needed in order to test implementation-specific characteristics of femtocells, such as interference mitigation techniques and self-organizing algorithms. Using OPNET, a high fidelity simulation environment for wireless networks, a femtocell modeling and development platform is created, closely following the specifications dictated by 3GPP regarding the entities, functionalities, procedures, and message formats for femtocell networks. It is shown how the platform reflects the effect of both interference and backhaul degradation on the overall performance of the network, which represent the key concerns for operators nowadays regarding femtocell deployments.

Elias Chavarria Reyes

Papers

The evolution to 4G cellular systems: LTE-Advanced

Femto-relay systems and methods of managing same

A complete femtocell network modeling and development platform