Canine vector-borne diseases (CVBDs) are highly prevalent in Brazil and represent a challenge to veterinarians and public health workers, since some diseases are of great zoonotic potential. Dogs are affected by many protozoa (e.g., Babesia vogeli, Leishmania infantum, and Trypanosoma cruzi), bacteria (e.g., Anaplasma platys and Ehrlichia canis), and helminths (e.g., Dirofilaria immitis and Dipylidium caninum) that are transmitted by a diverse range of arthropod vectors, including ticks, fleas, lice, triatomines, mosquitoes, tabanids, and phlebotomine sand flies. This article focuses on several aspects (etiology, transmission, distribution, prevalence, risk factors, diagnosis, control, prevention, and public health significance) of CVBDs in Brazil and discusses research gaps to be addressed in future studies.

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Canine vector-borne diseases in Brazil.

Surra is an animal trypanosomosis, caused by infection with Trypanosoma evansi and leading to severe economic loss due to mortality and morbidity. Compared to tsetse-transmitted animal trypanosomoses, little attention is given to the epidemiology and control of surra. Understanding its epidemiology is a first step in local and global efforts to control the disease. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of published studies on distribution, host ranges and prevalence of T. evansi infection. Four electronic databases were searched for publications on T. evansi that met our inclusion criteria for the systematic review. Subsets of publications were subjected to meta-analysis for the pooled prevalence of T. evansi in various hosts as determined by multiple detection methods. A total of 272 references published between 1906–2017 were included. Trypanosoma evansi was reported from 48 countries; largely confined to Africa and Asia with publications on natural T. evansi infections from 77% (n = 48) of countries, contrasting with seven countries in South America, and four in Europe where T. evansi is not endemic but was imported with infected animals. Although surra is a notifiable disease, many countries do not report surra cases to OIE. Trypanosoma evansi was mainly reported from dromedary camels in Africa and the Middle East, water buffaloes, cattle, dogs and horses in East and Southeast Asia. In South America, the acute form of the disease was reported in horses and dogs. Surra was also reported in a wide range of wild animals. Some rare human cases occurred in India and Vietnam. Meta-analysis on a subset of 165 publications indicated pooled prevalence of T. evansi in domestic animals ranging from 14–31%, 6–28% and 2–9% using respectively antibody detection, molecular and parasitological tests, with camels as the most affected, followed by buffalo and cattle. This study illustrates that T. evansi affects a wide range of domestic and wild animals in Africa, Asia and South America with highest prevalence observed in dromedary camels. For successful control of T. evansi, both locally and globally, the role of wild animals in the epidemiology of surra needs further investigation.

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Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis on the Global Distribution, Host Range, and Prevalence of Trypanosoma Evansi

Companion vector-borne diseases (CVBDs) are an important threat for pet life, but may also have an impact on human health, due to their often zoonotic character. The importance and awareness of CVBDs continuously increased during the last years. However, information on their occurrence is often limited in several parts of the world, which are often especially affected. Latin America (LATAM), a region with large biodiversity, is one of these regions, where information on CVBDs for pet owners, veterinarians, medical doctors and health workers is often obsolete, limited or non-existent. In the present review, a comprehensive literature search for CVBDs in companion animals (dogs and cats) was performed for several countries in Central America (Belize, Caribbean Islands, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Puerto Rico) as well as in South America (Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana (British Guyana), Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Uruguay, Venezuela) regarding the occurrence of the following parasitic and bacterial diseases: babesiosis, heartworm disease, subcutaneous dirofilariosis, hepatozoonosis, leishmaniosis, trypanosomosis, anaplasmosis, bartonellosis, borreliosis, ehrlichiosis, mycoplasmosis and rickettsiosis. An overview on the specific diseases, followed by a short summary on their occurrence per country is given. Additionally, a tabular listing on positive or non-reported occurrence is presented. None of the countries is completely free from CVBDs. The data presented in the review confirm a wide distribution of the CVBDs in focus in LATAM. This wide occurrence and the fact that most of the CVBDs can have a quite severe clinical outcome and their diagnostic as well as therapeutic options in the region are often difficult to access and to afford, demands a strong call for the prevention of pathogen transmission by the use of ectoparasiticidal and anti-feeding products as well as by performing behavioural changes.

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A review on the occurrence of companion vector-borne diseases in pet animals in Latin America.

Lipid peroxidation associated with anemia in rats experimentally infected with Trypanosoma evansi.

The technique described aims to simplify the blood collection for the research of hemoparasites in mice and rats. The present techniq ue was developed on the Parasitology Laboratory of the Universidade Federal de Santa Maria during the experiments accomplished with mice and rats being thoroughly useful for the research due to the large amount of animals often assessed. The method of blood collection with a thermal box simplifies the handling of

Método de contenção e confecção de esfregaço sanguíneo para pesquisa de hemoparasitas em ratos e camundongos contention and making method of blood scrubbing for the research of hemoparasites in mice and rats

The present paper describes cases of natural infection by Trypanosoma evansi in dogs that eventually died in Uruguaiana, in the southern Brazilian state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. The animals from the rural zone were admitted to the Pontificia Universidade Catolica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUC-RS) Veterinary Hospital presenting the following clinical signs: apathy, fever and enlargement of the submandibular lymphonodes. Flagellated forms in the blood films were identified as belonging to the species T. evansi. The discovery of these cases raises an allert to the presence of the disease in the area, emphasizing the need for further investigation of the epidemiology of the infection and also the study of prophylathic measures to prevent new cases.

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Infecção natural por Trypanosoma evansi em cães

O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar a ocorrencia de Dioctophyma renale em caes do municipio de Uruguaiana – RS. Foram avaliados 475 caes domiciliados e errantes, a partir da coleta de urina pela sondagem uretral e necropsia de 300 e 175 caninos, respectivamente. Dos animais analisados 1,68% estavam positivos para o nematoda, sendo observado ovos de D. renale na urina de seis (2%) caes e o helminto adulto em dois (1,14%) dos animais necropsiados. 
Palavras-chave: Dioctophyma renale, cao, epidemiologia. ABSTRACT 
The present study had the intent of verifying the occurrence of Dioctophyma renale in dogs of the municipal district of Uruguaiana – RS. Starting from the urine collection, by using urethral exploration and necropsy of 300 and 175 canines, respectively, 475 domiciled and wandering dogs have been evaluated. Among the analyzed animals, 1,68% were positive for the nematode, besides, D. renal eggs have been observed in the urine of 6 dogs (2%), as well as the adult helminto in two (1,14%) of the animals submitted to necropsy. 
Keywords: Dioctophyma renale, dog, epidemiology

Elida Teresita Braccini Colpo

Papers

Infecção natural por Trypanosoma evansi em cães

Ocorrência de Dioctophyma renale em cães no município de Uruguaiana - RS