1. The argument 2. Ethnic cleansing in former times 3. Two versions of 'we, the people' 4. Genocidal democracies in the New World 5. Armenia, I: into the danger zone 6. Armenia, II: genocide 7. Nazis, I: radicalization 8. Nazis, II: fifteen hundred perpetrators 9. Nazis, III: genocidal careers 10. Germany's allies and auxiliaries 11. Communist cleansing: Stalin, Mao, Pol Pot 12. Yugoslavia, I: into the danger zone 13. Yugoslavia, II: murderous cleansing 14. Rwanda, I: into the danger zone 15. Rwanda, II: genocide 16. Counterfactual cases: India and Indonesia 17. Combating ethnic cleansing in the world today.

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The Dark Side of Democracy: Explaining Ethnic Cleansing

Two very powerful stories structure the history of the changing roles of English women. The tale of the nineteenth-century separation of the spheres of public power and private domesticity relates principally to the experience of middle-class women. The other story, emerging from early modern scholarship, recounts the social and economic marginalization of propertied women and the degradation of working women as a consequence of capitalism. Both narratives echo each other in important ways, although strangely the capacity of women's history to repeat itself is rarely openly discussed. This paper critically reviews the two historiographies in order to open debate on the basic categories and chronologies we employ in discussing the experience, power and identity of women in past time.

https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/S0018246X93000019

Golden age to separate spheres? A review of the categories and chronology of English women's history*

This article examines how government policies affect ethnic relations by comparing outcomes across two nearby districts, one in Kenya and one in Tanzania, using colonial-era boundary placement as a “natural experiment.” Despite similar geography and historical legacies, governments in Kenya and Tanzania have followed radically different language, education, and local institutional policies, with Tanzania consistently pursuing more serious nation building. The evidence suggests that nation building has allowed diverse communities in rural Tanzania to achieve considerably better local public goods outcomes than diverse communities in Kenya. To illustrate, while Kenyan communities at mean levels of diversity have 25 percent less local school funding than homogeneous communities on average, the comparable figure in the Tanzanian district is near zero. The Kenya-Tanzania comparison provides empirical evidence that serious reforms can ameliorate social divisions and suggests that nation-building should take a place on policy agendas, especially in Africa.

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Tribe or Nation?: Nation Building and Public Goods in Kenya versus Tanzania

This epic history compares the empires built by Spain and Britain in the Americas, from Columbus's arrival in the New World to the end of Spanish colonial rule in the early nineteenth century. J. H. Elliott, one of the most distinguished and versatile historians working today, offers us history on a grand scale, contrasting the worlds built by Britain and by Spain on the ruins of the civilizations they encountered and destroyed in North and South America. Elliott identifies and explains both the similarities and differences in the two empires' processes of colonization, the character of their colonial societies, their distinctive styles of imperial government, and the independence movements mounted against them. Based on wide reading in the history of the two great Atlantic civilizations, the book sets the Spanish and British colonial empires in the context of their own times and offers us insights into aspects of this dual history that still influence the Americas.

Empires of the Atlantic World: Britain and Spain in America 1492-1830

Part I. Theory and Methods: 1. Globalization and its impact on national spaces of competition 2. Contexts of party mobilization 3. The design of the study: the distinguishing characteristics of our approach Part II. Country Studies: 4. France: the model case of party system transformation 5. Austria: transformation driven by an established party 6. Switzerland: another case of transformation driven by an established party 7. The Netherlands: a challenge that was slow in coming 8. The United Kingdom: moving parties in a stable configuration 9. Germany: the dog that didn't bark Part III. Comparative Analyses: 10. Demand side: dealignment and realignment of the structural political potentials 11. Supply side: the positioning of the political parties in a restructuring space 12. The electoral consequences of the integration-demarcation cleavage 13. Globalizing West European politics: the change of cleavage structures, parties and party systems in comparative perspective Appendix A. Technical appendix Appendix B. Detailed statistical results.

West European Politics in the Age of Globalization: Austria: transformation driven by an established party

How was Great Britain made? And what does it mean to be British? In this prize-winning book, Linda Colley explains how a new British nation was invented in the wake of the 1707 Act of Union, and how this new national identity was nurtured through war, religion, trade and imperial expansion. Here too are numerous individual Britons - heroes and politicians like Nelson and Pitt; bourgeois patriots like Thomas Coram and John Wilkes; artists, writers and musicians who helped to forge our image of Britishness; as well as many ordinary men and women whose stories have never previously been told. Powerful and timely, this lavishly illustrated book is a major contribution to our understanding of Britain's past and to the growing debate about the shape and survival of Britain and its institutions in the future. \"The most dazzling and comprehensive study of a national identity yet to appear in any language.\" Tom Nairn, Scotsman \"A very fine book ...challenging, fascinating, enormously well-informed.\" John Barrell, London Review of Books \"Wise and bracing history ...which provides an historical context for debate about British citizenship barely begun.\" Michael Ratcliffe, Observer \"Controversial, entertaining and alarmingly topical ...a delight to read.\"Philip Ziegler, Daily Telegraph \"Uniting sharp analysis, pungent prose and choice examples, Colley probes beneath the skin and lays bare the anatomy of nationhood.\" Roy Porter, New Statesman & Society

Britons: Forging the Nation 1707-1837.

who had served in Menendez's company, were also freemen. Exploiting inconsistencies in the testimony, Vezian insisted that neither witness was to be believed. Instead, he invoked the indisputable evidence of skin color. "Does not their Complexion and features," Vezian asked the Bahamian court, "tell all the world that they are of the blood of Negroes and have suckt Slavery and Cruelty from their Infancy?" Vezian also reminded his listeners of the "barbarous Action[s]" allegedly committed by Menendez's soldiers during the siege of St. Augustine - a record, he maintained, which showed that their perpetrators knew nothing of either "Liberty or Christianity." On this basis alone, Vezian hoped that the judge would accept Menendez's status as a slave, and he urged the court to follow the "old Law of Nations" in sentencing the others, whereby "all Prisoners of War, nay Even their posterity are Slaves."1 Stories such as those of Menendez and his fellow prisoners have long served as an example of the rich potential in comparative history, especially histories that take as their subject the inhabitants of the Spanish and British empires. Whether we consider John Elliott's magisterial new history of Britain and Spain in America or the continued interest in Herbert Eugene Bolton's classic essay "The Epic of Greater I presented an earlier version of this article as a plenary lecture for the conference "Rethinking the

Entangled Histories, Entangled Worlds: The English-Speaking Atlantic as a Spanish Periphery

The American revolution was the longest colonial war in modern British history and Britain's most humiliating defeat as an Imperial power. This book examines the British public's predominantly loyal reponse to its government's actions in America. The author attributes support for George III's American policies to a combination of factors, including growing isolationism in regard to the European continent and a burgeoning sense of the colonies as intergal parts of a greater British nation. He argues that the public accepted ill-conceived projects, such as the Stamp Act, because theirs was an "armchair" patriotism based on paying others to fight their battles for them. Drawing on nearly 1000 political pamphlets, as well as broad sides, private memoirs and popular cartoons the book offers an insight into 18th-century British political culture and an account of what the revolution meant to people on both sides of the Atlantic.

The Persistence of Empire: British Political Culture in the Age of the American Revolution

N June 22, 1772, before a packed courtroom in London's Westminster Hall, Lord Chief Justice Mansfield delivered his now-famous opinion that James Somerset, an enslaved man who had escaped after accompanying his master from Boston, could not be forcibly returned to Jamaica (as his master intended) and "must be discharged." In finding for Somerset, Mansfield refused to rule on the underlying legality of owning slaves in England. Nonetheless, to justify such a significant alteration in status, Mansfield declared that slavery was "odious" and could only be supported by "positive law," which England lacked.1 According to the Morning Chronicle, blacks who witnessed the proceedings from the gallery left "shaking each other by the hand" and congratulating themselves on the "happy lot that permitted them to breathe the free air of England."2 Less ebullient, the West Indian planter Edward Long agreed that, whatever his stated purpose, Mansfield had made it legally impossible to reclaim a "fugitive slave" living in England.3 As Seymour Drescher has written, Somerset v. Stewart heralded a decisive shift in the metropolitan "class struggle between mas-

Zones of Law, Zones of Violence: The Legal Geography of the British Atlantic, circa 1772

The Revolution s aspiration was summed up by the phrase life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. Yet the American founding was also a bid for inclusion in the community of nations. According to Eliga Gould, America aspired to diplomatic recognition under international law and the authority to become an Atlantic colonizing power itself.

Eliga H. Gould

Papers

Britons: Forging the Nation 1707-1837.

Entangled Histories, Entangled Worlds: The English-Speaking Atlantic as a Spanish Periphery

The Persistence of Empire: British Political Culture in the Age of the American Revolution

Zones of Law, Zones of Violence: The Legal Geography of the British Atlantic, circa 1772

Among the Powers of the Earth: The American Revolution and the Making of a New World Empire