‘The Production of Space’, in: Frans Jacobi, Imagine, Space Poetry, Copenhagen, 1996, unpaginated.

The Production of Space

NUDGE: IMPROVING DECISIONS ABOUT HEALTH, WEALTH, AND HAPPINESS by Richard H. Thaler and Cass R. Sunstein Penguin Books, 2009, 312 pp, ISBN 978-0-14-311526-7This book is best described formally as a general explanation of and advocacy for libertarian paternalism, a term coined by the authors in earlier publications. Informally, it is about how leaders, systems, organizations, and governments can nudge people to do the things the nudgers want and need done for the betterment of the nudgees, or of society. It is paternalism in the sense that "it is legitimate for choice architects to try to influence people's behavior in order to make their lives longer, healthier, and better", (p. 5) It is libertarian in that "people should be free to do what they like - and to opt out of undesirable arrangements if they want to do so", (p. 5) The built-in possibility of opting out or making a different choice preserves freedom of choice even though people's behavior has been influenced by the nature of the presentation of the information or by the structure of the decisionmaking system. I had never heard of libertarian paternalism before reading this book, and I now find it fascinating.Written for a general audience, this book contains mostly social and behavioral science theory and models, but there is considerable discussion of structure and process that has roots in mathematical and quantitative modeling. One of the main applications of this social system is economic choice in investing, selecting and purchasing products and services, systems of taxes, banking (mortgages, borrowing, savings), and retirement systems. Other quantitative social choice systems discussed include environmental effects, health care plans, gambling, and organ donations. Softer issues that are also subject to a nudge-based approach are marriage, education, eating, drinking, smoking, influence, spread of information, and politics. There is something in this book for everyone.The basis for this libertarian paternalism concept is in the social theory called "science of choice", the study of the design and implementation of influence systems on various kinds of people. The terms Econs and Humans, are used to refer to people with either considerable or little rational decision-making talent, respectively. The various libertarian paternalism concepts and systems presented are tested and compared in light of these two types of people. Two foundational issues that this book has in common with another book, Network of Echoes: Imitation, Innovation and Invisible Leaders, that was also reviewed for this issue of the Journal are that 1 ) there are two modes of thinking (or components of the brain) - an automatic (intuitive) process and a reflective (rational) process and 2) the need for conformity and the desire for imitation are powerful forces in human behavior. …

Nudge: Improving Decisions about Health, Wealth, and Happiness

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The Practice Of Everyday Life

Sustainability transitions: an emerging field of research and its prospects

The multi-level perspective (MLP) has emerged as a fruitful middle-range framework for analysing socio-technical transitions to sustainability. The MLP also received constructive criticisms. This paper summarises seven criticisms, formulates responses to them, and translates these into suggestions for future research. The criticisms relate to: (1) lack of agency, (2) operationalization of regimes, (3) bias towards bottom-up change models, (4) epistemology and explanatory style, (5) methodology, (6) socio-technical landscape as residual category, and (7) flat ontologies versus hierarchical levels.

The multi-level perspective on sustainability transitions: Responses to seven criticisms

Social and environmental convergence.

Circuits of Reproduction

What do standards standardise

Gemäß dem britischen Ausschuss für Klimawandel (UK’s Committee on Climate Change)gibt es zwei grundlegende Wege zur Reduktion der Kohlenstoffemissionen: Der eine ist der Kohleausstieg, der andere Weg führt über die Energieeffizienz. Der Rahmenplan für die europäische Klimaund Energiepolitik der Europäischen Kommission bis zum Jahr 2030 (European Commission’s 2030 climate and energy framework) fordert in seinem dreiteiligen Programm für den Teilbereich ›Energieeffizienz‹ eine Erhöhung von 27 Prozent (seit 2018 um 32,5 Prozent, Anm. der Übersetzerin) verglichen zum bisherigen ›business-as-usual‹ Szenario (2014). Der Europäische Rat für eine energieeffiziente Wirtschaft verpflichtet sich hinsichtlich der Bemühungen zur Bewältigung des Klimawandels dem Grundsatz »Energy Efficiency First«. Die Internationale Energieagentur (IEA) macht geltend: »Energy efficiency is key to ensuring a safe, reliable, affordable and sustainable energy system for the future« und schlägt vor: »It is the one energy resource that every country possesses in abundance and is the quickest and least costly way of addressing energy security, environmental and economic challenges.« Im Jahr 2009 fasst der damalige US-Energieminister Stephen Chu zusammen: »energy efficiency is not just low hanging fruit; it is fruit that is lying on the ground« (The Times 2009). Folglich: Was ist falsch an der Energieeffizienz? Diese Abhandlung argumentiert, dass das überstürzte Streben nach Energieeffizienz weit davon entfernt ist, effektive Antworten auf die Herausforderungen des Klimawandels zu bieten und als eindeutig kontraproduktiv zu bewerten ist. Dafür gibt es zwei Hauptgründe: Erstens reproduzieren Effizienzstrategien ein spezifisches Verständnis von ›Leistung‹ (inklusive spezieller Vorstellungen von Komfort,

Elizabeth Shove

Papers

Social and environmental convergence.

Circuits of Reproduction

What do standards standardise

Was ist falsch an der Energieeffizienz

Relevance, independence and capture