Li-ion batteries have transformed portable electronics and will play a key role in the electrification of transport. However, the highest energy storage possible for Li-ion batteries is insufficient for the long-term needs of society, for example, extended-range electric vehicles. To go beyond the horizon of Li-ion batteries is a formidable challenge; there are few options. Here we consider two: Li-air (O(2)) and Li-S. The energy that can be stored in Li-air (based on aqueous or non-aqueous electrolytes) and Li-S cells is compared with Li-ion; the operation of the cells is discussed, as are the significant hurdles that will have to be overcome if such batteries are to succeed. Fundamental scientific advances in understanding the reactions occurring in the cells as well as new materials are key to overcoming these obstacles. The potential benefits of Li-air and Li-S justify the continued research effort that will be needed.

Li-O2 and Li-S batteries with high energy storage.

Each cell of a battery stores electrical energy as chemical energy in two electrodes, a reductant (anode) and an oxidant (cathode), separated by an electrolyte that transfers the ionic component of the chemical reaction inside the cell and forces the electronic component outside the battery. The output on discharge is an external electronic current I at a voltage V for a time Δt. The chemical reaction of a rechargeable battery must be reversible on the application of a charging I and V. Critical parameters of a rechargeable battery are safety, density of energy that can be stored at a specific power input and retrieved at a specific power output, cycle and shelf life, storage efficiency, and cost of fabrication. Conventional ambient-temperature rechargeable batteries have solid electrodes and a liquid electrolyte. The positive electrode (cathode) consists of a host framework into which the mobile (working) cation is inserted reversibly over a finite solid–solution range. The solid–solution range, which is...

The Li-ion rechargeable battery: a perspective.

2.1. Solvents 4307 2.1.1. Propylene Carbonate (PC) 4308 2.1.2. Ethers 4308 2.1.3. Ethylene Carbonate (EC) 4309 2.1.4. Linear Dialkyl Carbonates 4310 2.2. Lithium Salts 4310 2.2.1. Lithium Perchlorate (LiClO4) 4311 2.2.2. Lithium Hexafluoroarsenate (LiAsF6) 4312 2.2.3. Lithium Tetrafluoroborate (LiBF4) 4312 2.2.4. Lithium Trifluoromethanesulfonate (LiTf) 4312 2.2.5. Lithium Bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (LiIm) and Its Derivatives 4313

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Nonaqueous liquid electrolytes for lithium-based rechargeable batteries.

Li-ion battery technology has become very important in recent years as these batteries show great promise as power sources that can lead us to the electric vehicle (EV) revolution. The development of new materials for Li-ion batteries is the focus of research in prominent groups in the field of materials science throughout the world. Li-ion batteries can be considered to be the most impressive success story of modern electrochemistry in the last two decades. They power most of today's portable devices, and seem to overcome the psychological barriers against the use of such high energy density devices on a larger scale for more demanding applications, such as EV. Since this field is advancing rapidly and attracting an increasing number of researchers, it is important to provide current and timely updates of this constantly changing technology. In this review, we describe the key aspects of Li-ion batteries: the basic science behind their operation, the most relevant components, anodes, cathodes, electrolyte solutions, as well as important future directions for R&D of advanced Li-ion batteries for demanding use, such as EV and load-leveling applications.

Challenges in the development of advanced Li-ion batteries: a review

Energy storage is more important today than at any time in human history. Future generations of rechargeable lithium batteries are required to power portable electronic devices (cellphones, laptop computers etc.), store electricity from renewable sources, and as a vital component in new hybrid electric vehicles. To achieve the increase in energy and power density essential to meet the future challenges of energy storage, new materials chemistry, and especially new nanomaterials chemistry, is essential. We must find ways of synthesizing new nanomaterials with new properties or combinations of properties, for use as electrodes and electrolytes in lithium batteries. Herein we review some of the recent scientific advances in nanomaterials, and especially in nanostructured materials, for rechargeable lithium-ion batteries.

Nanomaterials for rechargeable lithium batteries

Evaluating the Passivation Layer of Freshly Cleaved Silicon Surfaces by Binary Silane-Based Electrolytes

We present the application of drop-on-demand (DoD) dispensing technology for printing of silicon-based anodes. We show that the DoD printing technique is highly suitable for printing of arbitrary-geometry, high-activity SiNi nanoparticle anodes for Li-ion batteries. These anodes are on par with traditionally prepared anodes in terms of electrochemical behavior and performance and can be easily used in printed or any other type of Li-ion cells. We found that improved adhesion is necessary because of the complex geometry of printed anodes. High adhesion was achieved with the use of two types of CNT coatings on the copper current collector, and etching of the copper itself without the use of an intermediate coating. Printed anodes are electrochemically stable and perform according to most criteria as well as previously presented cast anodes, exhibiting high capacity (500–1200 mAh/g anode, depending on the type of cell) and have a relatively long cycle life (up to 500 cycles). Our results highlight novel strategies for 3D electrode printing, for potential uses in specialized batteries, and are of particular importance for advanced research and development. Printed electrodes shown here can be directly implemented as described, or be used as reference for the development of new types of electrodes for energy storage devices.

Drop-on-demand 3D-printed silicon-based anodes for lithium-ion batteries

The sluggish reaction of oxygen reduction in proton-exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) and the durability of platinum-based catalysts have been major economical and technological barriers to the widespread application of PEMFCs. We report here on two Pt-surface-enriched nanosize structure (Pt-SENS) catalysts with iridium core, synthesized with the use of single-step and successive step-by-step electroless deposition of platinum. The synthesized catalysts were studied by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and transmission scanning electron microscopy (STEM). Electrochemical analysis demonstrated improved oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) mass activity of the homemade catalysts by 25–30% compared with commercial 50%Pt/C catalyst and improved durability, by a factor of ~ 3, of the catalyst synthesized by successive step-by-step deposition following accelerated stress test (AST). Higher mass activities are attributed to better platinum utilization as a result of a Pt-surface-enriched structure, while greater durability is attributed to the stabilization of surface platinum by stronger Pt–Ir bonds induced by iridium atoms in the core.

Increasing durability of Pt-surface-enriched nanosize structure catalysts by multi-step platinum deposition

PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a bipolar plate that reduces a flow rate of a reactant while maintaining or increasing the distribution of the reactant and reduces a shunt current.SOLUTION: There are provided a bipolar plate 30 and a regenerative fuel cell stack including the bipolar plates 30 and membrane electrode assemblies (MEAs) 35 alternately stacked. The bipolar plate 30 comprises a plate body formed of an electrically conductive material. The plate body has a first surface 31 and a second surface 32 on an opposite side of the first surface. Each of the surfaces (31, 32) has a reaction flow channel through which a fluid passes. The reaction flow channel on the first surface has a plurality of ribs therebetween forming an interdigitate passage pattern. The reaction flow channel on the second surface has a plurality of ribs therebetween forming an interdigitate passage pattern or a passage pattern different from an interdigitate passage pattern, for example, a serpentine passage pattern.

Bipolar plate and regenerative fuel cell stack including the bipolar plate

Two ways of increasing the capability of the C-size Ca/Sr(AlCl/sub 4/)/sub 2/-TC cell were evaluated: introduction of additives in order to minimize cell heating, and self air cooling of the battery during discharge. The addition of a combination of SO/sub 2/, and P40 additive, to the electrolyte was found to increase both the Faradaic efficiency and the voltage under load, thus decreasing cell heating by 10-20%. With the use of a small electric fan, which was powered by the battery itself, it was possible to continuously discharge a C-size cell at 90 W/kg. The wasted energy needed for this self cooling was only 5-7% of the energy delivered by the cells (up to 7 Wh or 120 Wh/kg). >

https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel2/511/3906/00145843.pdf

Emanuel Peled

Papers

Evaluating the Passivation Layer of Freshly Cleaved Silicon Surfaces by Binary Silane-Based Electrolytes

Drop-on-demand 3D-printed silicon-based anodes for lithium-ion batteries

Increasing durability of Pt-surface-enriched nanosize structure catalysts by multi-step platinum deposition

Bipolar plate and regenerative fuel cell stack including the bipolar plate

Effect of additives and self cooling on the performance of a high power calcium/SrX/sub 2/-SOCl/sub 2/ cell