Lipases are very versatile enzymes, and produced the attention of the several industrial processes. Lipase can be achieved from several sources, animal, vegetable, and microbiological. The uses of microbial lipase market is estimated to be USD 425.0 Million in 2018 and it is projected to reach USD 590.2 Million by 2023, growing at a CAGR of 6.8% from 2018. Microbial lipases (EC 3.1.1.3) catalyze the hydrolysis of long chain triglycerides. The microbial origins of lipase enzymes are logically dynamic and proficient also have an extensive range of industrial uses with the manufacturing of altered molecules. The unique lipase (triacylglycerol acyl hydrolase) enzymes catalyzed the hydrolysis, esterification and alcoholysis reactions. Immobilization has made the use of microbial lipases accomplish its best performance and hence suitable for several reactions and need to enhance aroma to the immobilization processes. Immobilized enzymes depend on the immobilization technique and the carrier type. The choice of the carrier concerns usually the biocompatibility, chemical and thermal stability, and insolubility under reaction conditions, capability of easy rejuvenation and reusability, as well as cost proficiency. Bacillus spp., Achromobacter spp., Alcaligenes spp., Arthrobacter spp., Pseudomonos spp., of bacteria and Penicillium spp., Fusarium spp., Aspergillus spp., of fungi are screened large scale for lipase production. Lipases as multipurpose biological catalyst has given a favorable vision in meeting the needs for several industries such as biodiesel, foods and drinks, leather, textile, detergents, pharmaceuticals and medicals. This review represents a discussion on microbial sources of lipases, immobilization methods increased productivity at market profitability and reduce logistical liability on the environment and user.

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Microbial lipases and their industrial applications: a comprehensive review

Chitosan has garnered much interest due to its properties and possible applications. Every year the number of publications and patents based on this polymer increase. Chitosan exhibits poor solubility in neutral and basic media, limiting its use in such conditions. Another serious obstacle is directly related to its natural origin. Chitosan is not a single polymer with a defined structure but a family of molecules with differences in their composition, size, and monomer distribution. These properties have a fundamental effect on the biological and technological performance of the polymer. Moreover, some of the biological properties claimed are discrete. In this review, we discuss how chitosan chemistry can solve the problems related to its poor solubility and can boost the polymer properties. We focus on some of the main biological properties of chitosan and the relationship with the physicochemical properties of the polymer. Then, we review two polymer applications related to green processes: the use of chitosan in the green synthesis of metallic nanoparticles and its use as support for biocatalysts. Finally, we briefly describe how making use of the technological properties of chitosan makes it possible to develop a variety of systems for drug delivery.

Chitosan: An Overview of Its Properties and Applications.

Recent advances in nano-carrier immobilized enzymes and their applications

This tutorial review focuses on recent advances in technologies for enzyme immobilisation, enabling their cost-effective use in the bio-based economy and continuous processing in general. The application of enzymes, particularly in aqueous media, is generally on a single use, throw-away basis which is neither cost-effective nor compatible with a circular economy concept. This shortcoming can be overcome by immobilising the enzyme as an insoluble recyclable solid, that is as a heterogeneous catalyst.

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New frontiers in enzyme immobilisation: robust biocatalysts for a circular bio-based economy

Lipase immobilization with support materials, preparation techniques, and applications: Present and future aspects.

The enzymatic processes are increasingly highlights, especially in the synthesis of chemical products with high added value. The enzyme immobilization can improve industrial biocatalytic processes. The immobilization of enzymes provides the production of efficient, stable biocatalysts, possibility of reuse and easy purification of the products, when compared to the free enzymes. There is a growing research for more efficient methods of enzyme immobilization. In this context, the choice of support and immobilization strategy can significantly improve the final enzymatic properties. In this review paper, we aimed to discuss the versatility of biocatalysts immobilized enzymes design, focusing on the opportunities and disadvantages for each method presented. They discussed the recent development of enzyme immobilization methods and applications relating the final properties of the produced biocatalysts with the desired goals.

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Design of immobilized enzyme biocatalysts: drawbacks and opportunities

Preparation of chiral alcohols by enantioselective reduction of prochiral ketones with Sinapis alba seeds as biocatalyst

Biodiesel is an alternative fuel that is produced through oil plants or animal fat. It is a renewable energy source, with biodegradable characteristics, to emit less pollutant than diesel. Thus, this work aims to show the production of biodiesel from the purple-pinion ( Jatropha gossypiifolia L.) seeds. In addition to the synthesis, the physical-chemical characterization of both the raw material and the final product was carried out. The biodiesel synthetic route was performed by the basic catalytic transesterification reaction, using potassium hydroxide (KOH) in the presence of methanol (CH 3 OH) in the molar ratio of 1: 3 (oil: methanol). As a result, it was observed that the mass conversion of the biodiesel was 22.05 g. The physical-chemical analyzes carried out were acid index of 0.106 mgKOH / g, according to ANP technical resolution. The peroxide index of 1.03 meqO 2 / kg, the kinematic viscosity of 20 ° C to 40 ° C, obtained was 6.455 mm 2 /s and 3.5343 mm 2 /s, the values are close to the ANP technique resolutions. Stability was 0.26 hours, and the biodiesel burning test was executed for approximately 3 hours. Therefore, there is a high viability of biodiesel production through the purple pinion seeds.

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Emerson Yvay Almeida de Sousa

Papers

Design of immobilized enzyme biocatalysts: drawbacks and opportunities

Preparation of chiral alcohols by enantioselective reduction of prochiral ketones with Sinapis alba seeds as biocatalyst

A new raw material in the production of biodiesel: purple pinion seeds.