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Power Electronics Converters Applications And Design

Control Systems Engineering

Power quality is a pressing concern and of the utmost importance for advanced and high-tech equipment in particular, whose performance relies heavily on the supply’s quality. Power quality issues like voltage sags/swells, harmonics, interruptions, etc. are defined as any deviations in current, voltage, or frequency that result in end-use equipment damage or failure. Sensitive loads like medical equipment in hospitals and health clinics, schools, prisons, etc. malfunction for the outages and interruptions, thereby causing substantial economic losses. For enhancing power quality, custom power devices (CPDs) are recommended, among which the Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR) is considered as the best and cost-effective solution. DVR is a power electronic-based solution to mitigate and compensate voltage sags. This paper provides a thorough discussion and comprehensive review of DVR topologies based on operations, power converters, control methods, and applications. The review compares the state-of-the-art in works of literature, and comparative study on power quality issues, the DVR principle along with its operation modes, the DVR components, the DVR topologies based on energy storage, the DVR topologies based on single-/three-phase power converters, and the DVR topologies based on control units that have different control processing stages. Furthermore, modified and improved configurations of the DVR, as well as its integration with distributed generations, are described. This work serves as a comprehensive and useful reference for those who have an interest in researching DVRs.

https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/13/16/4152/pdf

Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR): A Comprehensive Review of Topologies, Power Converters, Control Methods, and Modified Configurations

This article presents a super twisting sliding-mode control (ST-SMC) for single-phase dynamic voltage restorers (DVRs). Unlike the conventional first-order sliding-mode controller, the proposed ST-SMC technique eliminates the need for differentiating the compensation voltage in the sliding surface function while keeping the merits of first-order SMC. As a consequence of employing ST-SMC, a continuous control signal is achieved from which the pulsewidth modulation (PWM) signals can be generated. In this case, the inverter operates at a constant switching frequency. The stability analysis of ST-SMC is also presented. The reference compensation voltage needed in ST-SMC is estimated by using Brockett oscillator-based frequency-locked loop. Theoretical considerations are verified through experimental results under ideal and distorted grid voltage conditions. The obtained results show that the ST-SMC has good dynamic performance and can maintain the load voltage at a desired level under voltage sag, swell, and harmonically distorted grid voltages.

/pdf/super-twisting-sliding-mode-control-of-dvr-with-frequency-1mvu835yke.pdf

Super Twisting Sliding-Mode Control of DVR With Frequency-Adaptive Brockett Oscillator

This study deals with the urban microgrid energy management that is dedicated to individual and collective self-consumption by providing flexibility to the distribution grid (DG). The proposed urban community microgrid is interconnected to a DG and it consists of an association of centralized storage units (called community energy storage system), community intermittent renewable generation, and intelligent energy management system (EMS). One of the main advantages of urban microgrid is that, in case of faults in the DG, it can cut existing interconnections and continue to supply the responsible community in the island mode. In this study, the developed urban microgrid EMS is based on the predictive control management through the day-ahead optimal power flow (DA-OPF) strategy. The main contributions of this work can be defined by two points. The first point is related to a development of the DA-OPF strategy for the urban microgrid based on the intelligent deep learning data forecasting and the mixed-integer nonlinear programming optimization methods. The second point concerns a development of an optimization function integrating the concept of ancillary services of DG flexibility. Experimental results and economical evaluation are presented in this article. By using the proposed strategies, it results in an important electricity price reduction for the considered urban microgrid, compared to a conventional distribution system and basic operation schemes.

Day-Ahead Optimal Power Flow for Efficient Energy Management of Urban Microgrid

This paper presents a discrete-time domain control scheme for balanced voltage sag compensation using a Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR), which is recognized to be an appropriate and economical power electronic device with which to ameliorate these disturbances. The proposed control method is implemented in the synchronous reference frame (SRF), with two nested regulators, one of which includes an integral action. This algorithm has some advantages with respect to other control algorithms, such as the fact that the proposed methodology permits all the closed-loop poles of the DVR system to be placed in the desired locations in order to define the dynamical behavior with a reduction in the number of the electrical magnitudes to be measured and without the need for state observers, as occurs in traditional control methods. What is more, the well-known inner current loop implemented in other control schemes, which is employed to attenuate the resonance of the plant, is unnecessary. Furthermore, the unbalanced voltage sag compensation can be achieved by adding a “plug-in” controller and following the same methodology presented for balanced voltage sags to design the controller. The good performance of the proposed control scheme is validated by means of simulation and experimental results carried out with a 5 kW DVR laboratory prototype. The discrete-time control method is also compared with two control schemes previously proposed in literature.

/pdf/a-discrete-time-control-method-for-fast-transient-voltage-2i1rxer4w9.pdf

A Discrete-Time Control Method for Fast Transient Voltage-Sag Compensation in DVR

This paper presents the different approaches of a Hybrid Renewable Energy System (HRES) injection power management. The HRES is connected to the Grid and to the Consumer by using a three-phase system. The two main operation states of the HRES are the Grid connected and OffGrid modes. Two different systems of control and management of the three-phase inverter of the HRES are needed. This inverter is responsible for power exchange between interior part of the HRES, as the PV production and the Storage system, and the external part, as the Three-phase system of HRES and the Consumer. The work describes the method of voltage control in the Off-grid mode, and the current control in the Grid connected mode with voltage synchronization with practical validation.

Grid Synchronization and Injection Control of HRES Power Generation

Inductive power transfer (IPT) systems have become a very effective technology when charging the batteries of electric vehicles (EVs), with numerous research works devoted to this field in recent years. In the battery charging process, the EV consumes energy from the grid, and this concept is called Grid-to-Vehicle (G2V). Nevertheless, the EV can also be used to inject part of the energy stored in the battery into the grid, according to the so-called Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) scheme. This bidirectional feature can be applied to a better development of distributed generation systems, thus improving the integration of EVs into the grid (including IPT-powered EVs). Over the past few years, some works have begun to pay attention to bidirectional IPT systems applied to EVs, focusing on aspects such as the compensation topology, the design of the magnetic coupler or the power electronic configuration. Nevertheless, the design of the control system has not been extensively studied. This paper is focused on the design of a control system applied to a bidirectional IPT charger, which can operate in both the G2V and V2G modes. The procedure design of the control system is thoroughly explained and classical control techniques are applied to tailor the control scheme. One of the advantages of the proposed control scheme is the robustness when there is a mismatch between the coupling factor used in the model and the real value. Moreover, the control system can be used to limit the peak value of the primary side current when this value increases, thus protecting the IPT system. Simulation results obtained with PSCADTM/EMTDCTM show the good performance of the overall system when working in both G2V and V2G modes, while experimental results validate the control system behavior in the G2V mode.

Control Scheme of a Bidirectional Inductive Power Transfer System for Electric Vehicles Integrated into the Grid

The control in power electronic systems play an important role in the connection of renewable energy sources to the electrical grid. This paper presents the design of a current control for a grid-connected single-phase voltage source inverter (VSI). The VSI is connected to the grid through an LCL filter in order to attenuate the switching harmonics in the output signal. The proposed control provides an active damping at the resonance frequency and tracks the current reference with a fast dynamic response. The control scheme is based on a resonant regulator implemented in a structure with two nested controllers. The proposed control ensures a direct pole-placement of the closed-loop transfer function without the need for state observers and only measuring the grid current. Simulation results assess the validity of the control method.

Current Control of a Grid-Connected Single-Phase Voltage-Source Inverter with LCL Filter

High-Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) systems are a feasible solution that allows the transmission of energy between several power networks. As a consequence of the use of HVDC systems, renewable energy sources can be integrated more easily into distribution grids and smart grids. Furthermore, HVDC systems can contribute to improving the power quality (PQ) of the grids to which they are connected. This paper presents a multiterminal HVDC system that not only controls the flows of active power between four different networks, but also compensates imbalances and harmonics in the grid currents to maintain balanced and sinusoidal voltages at the point of common coupling of the various grids. The compensation is carried out by the voltage-source converters (VSCs) connected to their respective AC grids. A control scheme based on the use of resonant regulators and proportional–integral (PI) controllers is responsible for of achieving the necessary power flow control with the amelioration of the PQ. A case study of a multiterminal HVDC system that comprises four terminals sharing a DC bus of 80 kV is simulated by means of PSCADTM/EMTDCTM (Power System Computer-Aided Design; Electromagnetic Transients including Direct Current), where the AC grids associated with the terminals suffer from voltage imbalances and voltage harmonics owing to the connection of unbalanced loads and nonlinear loads. The obtained simulation results show the performance of the complete system in terms of active power flow, voltage regulation, and harmonic distortions of the grid current and the grid voltage.

https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/14/5/1306/pdf

Emilio J. Molina-Martinez

Papers

A Discrete-Time Control Method for Fast Transient Voltage-Sag Compensation in DVR

Grid Synchronization and Injection Control of HRES Power Generation

Control Scheme of a Bidirectional Inductive Power Transfer System for Electric Vehicles Integrated into the Grid

Current Control of a Grid-Connected Single-Phase Voltage-Source Inverter with LCL Filter

Multiterminal HVDC System with Power Quality Enhancement