ROS are highly reactive molecules which consist of a number of diverse chemical species, including radical and non-radical oxygen species. Oxidative stress occurs as a result of an overproduction of ROS not balanced by an adequate level of antioxidants. The natural antioxidants are: thiol compounds among which GSH is the most representative, and non-thiol compounds such as polyphenols, vitamins and also various enzymes. Many diseases have been linked to oxidative stress including bone diseases among which one of the most important is the osteoporosis. The redox state changes are also related to the bone remodeling process which allows the continuous bone regeneration through the coordinated action of bone cells: osteoclasts, osteoblasts and osteocytes. Changes in ROS and/or antioxidant systems seem to be involved in the pathogenesis of bone loss. ROS induce the apoptosis of osteoblasts and osteocytes, and this favours osteoclastogenesis and inhibits the mineralization and osteogenesis. Excessive osteocyte apoptosis correlates with oxidative stress causing an imbalance in favor of osteoclastogenesis which leads to increased turnover of bone remodeling and bone loss. Antioxidants either directly or by counteracting the action of oxidants contribute to activate the differentiation of osteoblasts, mineralization process and the reduction of osteoclast activity. In fact, a marked decrease in plasma antioxidants was found in aged or osteoporotic women. Some evidence shows a link among nutrients, antioxidant intake and bone health. Recent data demonstrate the antioxidant properties of various nutrients and their influence on bone metabolism. Polyphenols and anthocyanins are the most abundant antioxidants in the diet, and nutritional approaches to antioxidant strategies, in animals or selected groups of patients with osteoporosis or inflammatory bone diseases, suggest the antioxidant use in anti-resorptive therapies for the treatment and prevention of bone loss.

Oxidative stress in bone remodeling: role of antioxidants.

Oxidative stress in bone remodelling and disease.

Natural products for treatment of osteoporosis: The effects and mechanisms on promoting osteoblast-mediated bone formation

Alcohol is widely consumed across the world. It is consumed in both social and cultural settings. Until recently, two types of alcohol consumption were recognized: heavy chronic alcohol consumption or light consumption. Today, there is a new pattern of consumption among teenagers and young adults namely: binge drinking. Heavy alcohol consumption is detrimental to many organs and tissues, including bones, and is known to induce secondary osteoporosis. Some studies, however, have reported benefits from light alcohol consumption on bone parameters. To date, little is known regarding the effects of binge drinking on bone health. Here, we review the effects of three different means of alcohol consumption: light, heavy, and binge drinking. We also review the detailed literature on the different mechanisms by which alcohol intake may decrease bone mass and strength. The effects of alcohol on bone are thought to be both direct and indirect. The decrease in bone mass and strength following alcohol consumption is mainly due to a bone remodeling imbalance, with a predominant decrease in bone formation. Recent studies, however, have reported new mechanisms by which alcohol may act on bone remodeling, including osteocyte apoptosis, oxidative stress, and Wnt signalling pathway modulation. The roles of reduced total fat mass, increased lipid content in bone marrow, and a hypoleptinemia are also discussed.

Alcohol and bone: review of dose effects and mechanisms.

Magnesium is well known for its diverse actions within the human body. From a neurological standpoint, magnesium plays an essential role in nerve transmission and neuromuscular conduction. It also functions in a protective role against excessive excitation that can lead to neuronal cell death (excitotoxicity), and has been implicated in multiple neurological disorders. Due to these important functions within the nervous system, magnesium is a mineral of intense interest for the potential prevention and treatment of neurological disorders. Current literature is reviewed for migraine, chronic pain, epilepsy, Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, and stroke, as well as the commonly comorbid conditions of anxiety and depression. Previous reviews and meta-analyses are used to set the scene for magnesium research across neurological conditions, while current research is reviewed in greater detail to update the literature and demonstrate the progress (or lack thereof) in the field. There is strong data to suggest a role for magnesium in migraine and depression, and emerging data to suggest a protective effect of magnesium for chronic pain, anxiety, and stroke. More research is needed on magnesium as an adjunct treatment in epilepsy, and to further clarify its role in Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s. Overall, the mechanistic attributes of magnesium in neurological diseases connote the macromineral as a potential target for neurological disease prevention and treatment.

/pdf/the-role-of-magnesium-in-neurological-disorders-5a433htdhf.pdf

The Role of Magnesium in Neurological Disorders

http://ssu.ac.ir/cms/fileadmin/user_upload/Moavenatha/MBehdashti/Pishgiri_Bimariha/000000000osteo1/5.pdf

Antioxidant status in patients with osteoporosis: a controlled study.

We examined the association between serum trace elements and clinical findings such as number of sensitive tender points, severity of fatigue and functional status in patients with fibromyalgia (FM). Thirty-two patients diagnosed as having FM according to the ACR 1990 criteria and 32 normal healthy controls (NHC) were included in this study. The demographic data, disease duration, number of tender points and accompanying symptoms (fatigue, sleep disorders, headache, paresthesia, irritable bowel syndrome, sicca symptoms, Raynaud’s phenomena) of the patients were noted. Visual analog scale (10 cm) was implemented to estimate daily severity of pain and fatigue. Fibromyalgia impact questionnaire was used for functional assessment. Serum selenium (μg/dL) and serum zinc (μg/dL) levels were measured by atomic absorption spectrometer. Serum magnesium (mmol/L) level was measured by the original kits of Abbott Aeroset auto-analyzer. The mean age of patients in FM group and NHC were calculated as 42.9 (SD = 7.7) years and 41.3 (SD = 9.7) years, respectively. Serum levels of zinc (P = 0.001) and magnesium (P = 0.002) were significantly decreased by FM groups, whereas there was no considerable difference with selenium levels of both groups (P > 0.05). Association between serum zinc level and number of tender points (P = 0.008) and that between fatigue and magnesium level (P = 0.003) was found as meaningful. According to the results of this study, it was asserted that serum magnesium and zinc levels may play an important role in the pathophysiology of FM.

The relationship between serum trace element levels and clinical parameters in patients with fibromyalgia.

We proposed to assess antioxidant status and nitric oxide in fibromyalgia (FM) patients in comparison to healthy controls. Additionally, the association between the serum antioxidant levels and clinical findings in FM patients was also investigated. Thirty-seven FM patients and 37 healthy controls were enrolled in this study. Severity of fatigue and pain were determined by Visual Analogue Scale. Functional capacity in daily living activities was evaluated by fibromyalgia impact questionnaire. Serum NO, catalase and glutathione were measured. Serum glutathione and catalase levels were significantly lower in FM patients than controls. However, no significant difference was seen in serum NO levels between the two groups. A significant correlation was evident between serum NO level and pain. Additionally, the correlation between glutathione level and morning stiffness was found to be significant. These findings support other studies, we assume that these two antioxidants might have impact on the pathogenesis of FM disease.

Serum antioxidants and nitric oxide levels in fibromyalgia: a controlled study.

Introducao A espondilite anquilosante (EA) e uma doenca reumatica inflamatoria cronica caracterizada pela inflamacao da pelve e da coluna vertebral, que resulta em uma restricao na mobilidade da coluna vertebral. Em decorrencia da postura alterada e da dor inflamatoria noturna, os disturbios do sono sao passiveis de ocorrer em pacientes com EA. Objetivo Determinar as diferencas entre os pacientes com EA e controles saudaveis na qualidade do sono, bem como avaliar a relacao entre a qualidade do sono e a atividade da doenca. Metodo Para avaliar a qualidade do sono, 55 pacientes com EA (40 homens, 15 mulheres, idade media 43 ± 1 anos) que preencheram os criterios modificados de Nova York e 55 controles comparaveis (40 homens, 15 mulheres, idade media 42 ± 9 anos) preencheram o questionario Indice de Qualidade do Sono de Pittsburgh (PSQI). A atividade da doenca foi avaliada pelo Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index (BASDAI). Resultados A espondilite anquilosante se correlacionou significativamente com a qualidade de sono prejudicada de acordo com os escores totais do PSQI (p = 0,001). Foram encontradas diferencas significativas entre os pacientes com EA e controles saudaveis nos dominios do PSQI, incluindo "qualidade subjetiva do sono" (p = 0,010), "duracao do sono" (p = 0,011), "eficiencia do sono habitual" (p = 0,034), "disturbios do sono" (p = 0,003) e "disfuncao diurna" (p = 0,009), mas nao na "latencia do sono" e no "uso de medicacao para dormir". Houve uma correlacao positiva entre as pontuacoes do BASDAI e do PSQI (r = 0,612, p = 0,001). Conclusao Verificou-se que os disturbios do sono foram significativamente maiores em pacientes com EA em comparacao com os controles. Os pacientes com doenca ativa apresentaram pior qualidade de sono. Alem disso, a atividade da doenca esteve correlacionada com a pontuacao da maior parte das subescalas do PSQI. A investigacao da qualidade do sono deve ser uma ferramenta usada na avaliacao de pacientes com EA.

http://www.scielo.br/pdf/rbr/v55n4/en_0482-5004-rbr-55-04-0340.pdf

Sleep quality in patients with ankylosing spondylitis

Sexual dysfunction is a common experience in women with fibromyalgia. However, the physiopathology of this association is unclear. We aimed to evaluate whether sleep disturbance has an influence on sexual function in women with fibromyalgia. Fifty-four sexually active premenopausal women with fibromyalgia were enrolled in the study. The following questionnaires were used: the Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI), the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), the Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire (FIQ) and the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). Appropriate statistical analyses were used by using SPSS 18. The mean FSFI score was 25.344 ± 6.52 and showed no correlation with age, body mass index, BDI or duration of fibromyalgia. However, a positive correlation between sexual dysfunction and low sleep quality was found (r=0.43; P=0.001). In addition, the median FSFI score was 29.2 (27.2-32.4) in patients with higher sleep quality (PSQI⩽5), whereas it was 21.4 (18.9-25.3) in patients with lower sleep quality (PSQI>5) (P<0.001). There was a positive correlation between sexual dysfunction and symptoms of fibromyalgia as indicated by a higher FIQ score (r=0.37; P=0.006). Sexual dysfunction in female patients with fibromyalgia may be due to low sleep quality. Treatment of the sleep disorder may improve female sexual function.

Engin Tastaban

Papers

Antioxidant status in patients with osteoporosis: a controlled study.

The relationship between serum trace element levels and clinical parameters in patients with fibromyalgia.

Serum antioxidants and nitric oxide levels in fibromyalgia: a controlled study.

Sleep quality in patients with ankylosing spondylitis

Effects of low sleep quality on sexual function, in women with fibromyalgia.