■ Abstract The recent proliferation of scholarship on collective action frames and framing processes in relation to social movements indicates that framing processes have come to be regarded, alongside resource mobilization and political opportunity processes, as a central dynamic in understanding the character and course of social movements. This review examines the analytic utility of the framing literature for un- derstanding social movement dynamics. We first review how collective action frames have been conceptualized, including their characteristic and variable features. We then examine the literature related to framing dynamics and processes. Next we review the literature regarding various contextual factors that constrain and facilitate framing processes. We conclude with an elaboration of the consequences of framing processes for other movement processes and outcomes. We seek throughout to provide clarifi- cation of the linkages between framing concepts/processes and other conceptual and theoretical formulations relevant to social movements, such as schemas and ideology.

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Framing Processes and Social Movements: An Overview and Assessment

Introduction 1 Contentious politics and social movements: Part I The Birth of the Modern Social Movement: 2 Modular collective action 3 Print and association 4 Statebuilding and social movements Part II From Contention to Social Movements: 5 Political opportunities and constraints 6 The repertoire of contention 7 Framing contention 8 Mobilising structures and contentious politics Part III The Dynamics of Movement: 9 Cycles of contention 10 Struggling to reform 11 Transnational contention/conclusion: the future of social movements

Power in Movement: Social Movements and Contentious Politics

We present a theory of the basis of support for a social movement. Three types of support (citizenship actions, policy support and acceptance, and personal-sphere behaviors that accord with movement principles) are empirically distinct from each other and from committed activism. Drawing on theoretical work on values and norm-activation processes, we propose a value-belief-norm (VBN) theory of movement support. Individuals who accept a movement’s basic values, believe that valued objects are threatened, and believe that their actions can help restore those values experience an obligation (personal norm) for pro-movement action that creates a predisposition to provide support; the particular type of support that results is dependent on the individual’s capabilities and constraints. Data from a national survey of 420 respondents suggest that the VBN theory, when compared with other prevalent theories, offers the best available account of support for the environmental movement.

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A Value-Belief-Norm Theory of Support for Social Movements: The Case of Environmentalism

Among the many traditions of research on "identity," two somewhat different yet strongly related strands of identity theory have developed. The first, reflected in the work of Stryker and colleagues, focuses on the linkages of social structures with identities. The second, reflected in the work of Burke and colleagues, focuses on the internal process of self-verification. In the present paper we review each of these strands and then discuss ways in which the two relate to and complement one another Each provides a context for the other: the relation of social structures to identities influences the process of self-verification, while the process of self-verification creates and sustains social structures. The paper concludes with examples of potentially useful applications of identity theory to other arenas of social psychology, and with a discussion of challenges that identity theory must meet to provide a clear understanding of the relation between self and society. The language of "identity" is ubiquitous in contemporary social science, cutting across psychoanalysis, psychology, political science, sociology, and history. The common usage of the term identity, however, belies the considerable variability in both its conceptual meanings and its theoretical role. Even when consideration is restricted to sociology and social psychology, variation is still considerable.'

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The Past, Present, and Future of an Identity Theory*

■ Abstract Sociologists have turned to collective identity to fill gaps in resource mobilization and political process accounts of the emergence, trajectories, and impacts of social movements. Collective identity has been treated as an alternative to structurally given interests in accounting for the claims on behalf of which people mobilize, an alternative to selective incentives in understanding why people participate, an alternative to instrumental rationality in explaining what tactical choices activists make, and an alternative to institutional reforms in assessing movements’ impacts. Collective identity has been treated both too broadly and too narrowly, sometimes applied to too many dynamics, at other times made into a residual category within structuralist, state-centered, and rationalist accounts.

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Collective identity and social movements

Part I: Culture and Identity in Contemporary Social Movements 1. Identities, Grievances, and New Social Movements - Hank Johnston, Enrique Larana, and Joseph R. Gusfield 2. Culture and Social Movements - Doug McAdam 3. The Reflexivity of Social Movements: Collective Behavior and Mass Society Theory Revisited - Joseph R. Gusfield 4. Ideology and Utopia after Socialism - Ralph H. Turner 5. A Strange Kind of Newness: What's "New" in New Social Movements? - Alberto Melucci Part II: Collective Actors in New Social Movements 6. Activist, Authorities, and Media Framing of Drunk Driving - John D. McCarthy 7. Transient Identities? Membership Patterns in the Dutch Peace Movement - Bert Klandermans 8. Identity Fields: Framing Processes and the Social Construction of Movement Identities - Scott A. Hunt, Robert D. Benford, and David A. Snow 9. Continuity and Unity in New Forms of Collective Action: A Comparative Analysis of Student Movements - Enrique Larana 10. Conflict Networks and the Origins of Women's Liberation - Carol Mueller Part III: Collective Action and Identity in Changing Political Contexts 11. New Social Movements and Old Regional Nationalisms - Hank Johnston 12. Greens, Cabbies, and Anti-Communists: Collective Action During Regime Transition in Hungary - Mate Szabo 13. Social Movements in Modern Spain: From the Pre-Civil War Model to Contemporary NSMs - Jose Alvarez-Junco 14. The Party's Over - So What Is to Be Done? - Richard Flacks The Contributors Index

Enrique Larana

Papers

New Social Movements: From Ideology to Identity

New Social Movements: From Ideology to Identity

New Social Movements

Tales of Nationalism: Catalonia, 1939-1979