미국의 “전국 수학 교사 협의회”(National Council of Teachers of Mathematics, NCTM)는 1989년부터 〈학교 수학의 교육과정과 평가 규준〉(1989), 〈수학 가르침(교수)의 전문성 규준〉(1991), 〈학교 수학의 평가(시험) 규준〉(NCTM, 1995), 〈학교 수학의 원리와 규준〉(2000)을 출판하여 미국의 수학 교육 의 전망(목표, 나아갈 길)과 규준(실행 지침)을 제시하였다. 수학 교사들로 구성된 미국의 NCTM은 학생, 학부모, 학교 행정가 등 많은 사람들과 힘을 합하여 모든 학생들에게 수준 높은 수학 교육을 받을 수 있는 여건(환경, 기회)을 조성하는 데 구심점의 역할을 하였다. 한편 많은 관련 단체들은 여러 배경과 능력을 가진 학생들이 전문성을 지닌 교사(특수 교사를 일컫는 밀이 아니다. 수학 교과를 이해하고 수학의 전문성과 특수성을 가르칠 수 있는 일반 교사를 일컫는 말이다.)로부터 미래를 대비해 평등하고, 진취적이며, 지원이 잘 이루어지고, 공학 도구(IT)가 잘 갖춰진 환경에서 중요한 수학적 아이디어를 이해하면서 학습할 수 있는 수학 교실(미국에서는 우리나라처럼 수학 교사가 수학 시간에 학생의 방(교실: Homeroom)에 찾아가지 않고 학생들이 선생의 방(수학 교실: Classroom)을 찾아온다. 전형적인 수학 교실의 사진은 2쪽에 나와 있다.)을 만들기 위해 함께 힘썼다. NCTM에서 출간한 여러 규준들은 우리나라의 제6차와 제7차 교육과정에도 큰 영향을 미쳤다. 이 글에서는 NCTM(2000)에서 제시한 학습 원리를 간단히 살펴본 다음 이를 중심으로 현재 미국 수학 교육의 교수ㆍ학습 이론의 동향을 살펴본다.

미국 NCTM의 Principles and Standards for School Mathematics에 나타난 수학과 교수,학습의 이론

We present here because it will be so easy for you to access the internet service. As in this new era, much technology is sophistically offered by connecting to the internet. No any problems to face, just for this day, you can really keep in mind that the book is the best book for you. We offer the best here to read. After deciding how your feeling will be, you can enjoy to visit the link and get the book.

Teaching to Transgress: Education as the Practice of Freedom

Information age publishing.

"Principles and Standards for School Mathematics" in the Classroom.

This article reports on a 2-year study about teaching and learning mathematics for social justice in an urban, Latino classroom and about the role of an NCTM Standardsbased curriculum. I was the teacher in the study and moved with the class from seventh to eighth grade. Using qualitative, practitioner-research methodology, I learned that students began to read the world (understand complex issues involving justice and equity) using mathematics, to develop mathematical power, and to change their orientation toward mathematics. A series of real-world projects was fundamental to this change, but the Standards-based curriculum was also important; such curricula can theoretically promote equity, but certain conditions may need to exist. Social justice pedagogy broadens the concept of equity work in mathematics classrooms and may help promote a more just society.

http://www.radicalmath.org/docs/2003JRME.pdf?origin=publication_detail

Teaching and Learning Mathematics for Social Justice in an Urban, Latino School

Mathematics education in the United States can reproduce social inequalities whether schools use either "basic-skills" curricula to prepare mainly low-income students of color for low-skilled service jobs or "standards-based" curricula to ready students for knowledge-intensive positions. And working for fundamental social change and rectifying injustice are rarely included in any mathematics curriculum. Reading and Writing the World with Mathematics argues that mathematics education should prepare students to investigate and critique injustice, and to challenge, in words and actions, oppressive structures and acts. Based on teacher-research, the book provides a theoretical framework and practical examples for how mathematics educators can connect schooling to a larger sociopolitical context and concretely teach mathematics for social justice.

Reading and Writing the World with Mathematics: Toward a Pedagogy for Social Justice

Rethinking Mathematics : Teaching Social Justice by the Numbers

This article examines mathematics instruction and its intersection with culturally relevant teaching in an elementary/middle school in a Mexican American community. The findings are based on a collaborative-research and school-change project involving university researchers, teachers, and the school’s principal. On the basis of ethnographic data and an interdisciplinary theoretical framework, we propose a three-part model of culturally relevant mathematics instruction. The 3 components are (a) building on students’ informal mathematical knowledge and building on students’ cultural and experiential knowledge, (b) developing tools of critical mathematical thinking and critical thinking about knowledge in general, and (c) orientations to students’ culture and experience. I was 15 [when I came to the U.S.] The first thing I learned was that I was different. Even with my Latino peers. There are levels of being Mexican. I didn’t know how bad it was to be who I was. There were so many pressures from name calling, insults in the street, said aloud because I was so Mexican … I had a lot of anger. It was this anger, and anger at the experiences of my brother in school. We all did not do as well because of the school experiences. That made me want to be a teacher. —Ms. Salinas, a sixth-grade teacher in the school In this article, we hope to contribute to a theory of culturally relevant teaching (Ladson-Billings, 1995) of mathematics in a Mexican immigrant community. Our analysis is based on the ideas and practices of five teachers. The teachers are participating in a school-change project in a public school located in a low-income Mexican American community in a large midwestern U.S. city. The purpose of the project is to help teachers use what they know about their students’ culture to improve students’ learning of mathematics, and of other subjects as well, and to help students develop critical approaches to knowledge and the tools they will need to be agents

/pdf/culturally-relevant-mathematics-teaching-in-a-mexican-7zcgj3j0zn.pdf

Culturally Relevant Mathematics Teaching in a Mexican American Context

This article reports on a two-year qualitative, practitioner-research study of teaching and learning for social justice. The site was my middle-school mathematics classroom in a Chicago public school in a Latino/a community. A major pedagogical goal was to create conditions for students to develop agency, a sense of themselves as subjects in the world. My research suggests that students learned mathematics and began to develop sociopolitical awareness and see themselves as possible actors in society through using mathematics to understand social injustices. This research contributes to our understanding of how to create opportunities for students to develop agency in K-12 mathematics classrooms, and may also contribute to our knowledge of developing agency in any subject area.

Eric Gutstein

Papers

Teaching and Learning Mathematics for Social Justice in an Urban, Latino School

Reading and Writing the World with Mathematics: Toward a Pedagogy for Social Justice

Rethinking Mathematics : Teaching Social Justice by the Numbers

Culturally Relevant Mathematics Teaching in a Mexican American Context

“And That’s Just How It Starts”: Teaching Mathematics and Developing Student Agency