Individualism and collectivism

Learning Through Two Languages: Studies of Immersion and Bilingual Education

Franchisees’ affective organizational commitment refers to the degree to which franchisees experience an emotional attachment to their franchise organization. Using a social exchange theory perspective, this research reports four studies that explore the relationship between franchisee’s affective commitment and franchisee outcomes. We found that affective com- mitment to the franchise organization was positively related to franchisee objective perfor- mance (Study 1) and intent to acquire additional units (Study 2), and negatively related to franchisee opportunism (Study 3) and intent to leave the franchise organization, particularly when continuance commitment (i.e., commitment based on the cost associated with mem- bership to the franchise) was low (Study 4). The implications of these ﬁndings are discussed.

Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice

The role of values and motivations in understanding the entrepreneurial cognitive process deserves closer attention. So far, the predominant approach has been studying the entrepreneurial intention. This has been a very fruitful avenue of research. However, there is still much to be known to fully understand how the decision to start a venture is formed, and how the individual acts to implement that decision. Values and motivations are closely related, since both of them are linked to the notion of goals. The higher the importance attached to a goal, the more likely the person will form action plans to achieve it. In this paper, we present some ideas on how values and motivations could be integrated into the predominant entrepreneurial intention model. Firstly, we propose that values may help to explain the formation of intention antecedents (e.g., attitudes), and also moderate their effect on the entrepreneurial intention. Secondly, we point to the possibility that values and motivations may also play a role in the intention–action link. In particular, they may be instrumental in overcoming the barriers and obstacles toward effective start-up. In addition, this paper is also an introduction to the special issue, and we present the four papers selected to be included and highlight some of the most interesting aspects of their contributions.

Beyond entrepreneurial intentions: values and motivations in entrepreneurship

A theory of the segmental component of speech motor control is presented, followed by supporting data. According to the theory, speech movements are programmed to achieve auditory/acoustic goals. The goals are determined partly by "saturation effects", which are basic characteristics of speakers' production systems that make it possible to produce a sound output that has some relatively stable acoustic properties despite a somewhat variable motor input. The programming of articulatory movements to achieve auditory goals utilizes an internal model (or "mapping") of relations between articulatory configurations and their acoustic consequences. The internal model is acquired and maintained with the use of auditory feedback. The supporting data for this theory come from experiments on speakers with normal hearing, cochlear implant users and a patient with neurofibromatosis-2.

A theory of speech motor control and supporting data from speakers with normal hearing and with profound hearing loss

This study examines the impact of individualism–collectivism orientation on the cognitive model of entrepreneurial intention in a collectivist environment (ie, China) Using a sample of 204 MBA s

https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/Delivery.cfm/etap462.pdf?abstractid=2234302&mirid=1

Cultural contingency in the cognitive model of entrepreneurial intention

To facilitate second language learning, it has become increasingly popular to use a second language as the medium of instruction for content subjects for majority language students. Although numerous research studies have shown the advantages of such kind of programs in North America and Europe, those investigating English as the Medium of Instruction (EMI) schools in Hong Kong yielded inconclusive results. This meta-analysis is the first attempt to synthesize the research evidence on EMI education in Hong Kong since 1970. Based on 24 studies, this meta-analysis shows that students in EMI secondary schools were more proficient in second language and performed better on measures of affective variables. Yet their learning in other content subjects suffered. The differences between the effectiveness of EMI education in Hong Kong and that of similar programs in other contexts will be discussed, thereby illuminating second language acquisition theories and bilingual education.

A Meta-Analysis of the Effectiveness of English-Medium Education in Hong Kong

This paper reports the relational analysis of intrinsic motivation, achievement goals, learning strategies and academic achievement by means of structural equation modeling. A questionnaire was conducted with 1381 Hong Kong secondary students to measure their intrinsic motivation (challenge, curiosity and independent mastery), achievement goals (mastery, performance- approach and performance-avoidance goals), learning strategies (surface and deep) and academic achievement. The results showed that intrinsic motivation and achievement goals had predictive effects on learning strategies and academic achievement, and that mastery goal mediated the effect of intrinsic motivation on learning strategies and academic achievement. The results were discussed with respect to previous research findings and implications were drawn for enhancing students’ motivation to learn.

Relational Analysis of Intrinsic Motivation, Achievement Goals, Learning Strategies and Academic Achievement for Hong Kong Secondary Students

Fashion consciousness is an important consumers' attribute affecting their purchase of luxury products. The existing research mainly focuses on certain factors of fashion consciousness in fashion markets. This research investigates the psychological and social factors of fashion consciousness in the luxury fashion market. Specifically, we analyse how these factors affect fashion consciousness and purchase behaviour among consumers in three age groups of 18-23, 24-29 and 30-35. We find that self-monitoring and self-concept affect fashion consciousness among consumers of the age group of 18-23. We also show that media exposure has a positive effect on fashion consciousness in the age groups of 24-29 and 30-35. Accordingly, we suggest that retailers come up with proper advertising messages to influence the self-monitoring and self-concept of young consumers around the twenties. We also recommend selecting appropriate channels to enhance the exposure of luxury fashion information to consumers in their mid-twenties to mid-thirties.

Psychological and Social Factors of Fashion Consciousness: An Empirical Study in the Luxury Fashion Market

This paper argued that the assessment of construct validity of the Conception of Teaching and Learning Questionnaire (CTLQ) does not need to stick to the use of goodness of fit indices only. Additional statistical measurements can help to determine construct validity. By systematically investigating the convergent and discriminant validity of the CTLQ, it was found that the initial 5-factor model does not have satisfactory discriminant validity, although its fitness indices are very good. Further examination showed that discriminant validity could be improved by combining the two factors related to constructivist teaching and learning conception, with a slight reduction in the goodness of fit of the revised measurement model. As the fit indices of the revised model are still good, the revised model is the best possible model with both construct validity and good model fit. This optimum model would not have been found if construct validity had not been explicitly examined. Results indicated that the factorial structure of the traditional conception is more complex than the uni-dimensional constructivist conception. This imbalance in structural complexity may reflect the different degree of exposure to the two approaches of teaching and learning. It may also highlight the need to incorporate more Chinese-specific elements of student-centered teaching in the CTLQ.

Assessing the Construct Validity of the Conception of Teaching and Learning Questionnaire (CTLQ) for Chinese University Students in Hong Kong: Going Beyond the Use of Goodness of Fit Indices

Eric Siu-Chung Lo

Papers

Cultural contingency in the cognitive model of entrepreneurial intention

A Meta-Analysis of the Effectiveness of English-Medium Education in Hong Kong

Relational Analysis of Intrinsic Motivation, Achievement Goals, Learning Strategies and Academic Achievement for Hong Kong Secondary Students

Psychological and Social Factors of Fashion Consciousness: An Empirical Study in the Luxury Fashion Market

Assessing the Construct Validity of the Conception of Teaching and Learning Questionnaire (CTLQ) for Chinese University Students in Hong Kong: Going Beyond the Use of Goodness of Fit Indices