The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere: An Inquiry into a Category of Bourgeois Society

A detailed review of the education sector in Australia as in the data provided by the 2006 edition of the OECD's annual publication, 'Education at a Glance' is presented. While the data has shown that in almost all OECD countries educational attainment levels are on the rise, with countries showing impressive gains in university qualifications, it also reveals that a large of share of young people still do not complete secondary school, which remains a baseline for successful entry into the labour market.

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Education at a Glance

An econometric study of CO2 emissions, energy consumption, income and foreign trade in Turkey

This study attempts to examine empirically dynamic causal relationships between carbon emissions, energy consumption, income, and foreign trade in the case of Turkey using the time series data for the period 1960-2005 This research tests the interrelationship between the variables using the bounds testing to cointegration procedure The bounds test results indicate that there exist two forms of long-run relationships between the variables In the case of first form of long-relationship, carbon emissions are determined by energy consumption, income and foreign trade In the case of second long-run relationship, income is determined by carbon emissions, energy consumption and foreign trade An augmented form of Granger causality analysis is conducted amongst the variables The long-run relationship of CO2 emissions, energy consumption, income and foreign trade equation is also checked for the parameter stability The empirical results suggest that income is the most significant variable in explaining the carbon emissions in Turkey which is followed by energy consumption and foreign trade Moreover, there exists a stable carbon emissions function The results also provide important policy recommendations

This paper contains a model designed to serve two purposes, to examine long-run competitive equilibrium in a growth model and then to explore the effects on this equilibrium of government debt. Samuelson [8] has examined the determination of interest rates in a singlecommodity world without durable goods. In such an economy, interest rates are determined by consumption loans between individuals of different ages. By introducing production employing a durable capital good into this model, one can examine the case where individuals provide for their retirement years by lending to entrepreneurs. After describing alternative long-run equilibria available to a centrally planned economy, the competitive solution is described. In this economy, which has an infinitely long life, it is seen that, despite the absence of all the usual sources of inefficiency, the competitive solution can be inefficient. Modigliani [4] has explored the effects of the existence of government debt in an aggregate growth model. By introducing a government which issues debt and levies taxes to finance interest payments into the model described in the first part, it is possible to re-examine his conclusions in a model where consumption decisions are made individually, where taxes to finance the debt are included in the analysis, and where the changes in output arising from changes in the capital stock are explicitly acknowledged. It is seen that in the "normal" case external debt reduces the utility of an individual living in long-run equilibrium. Surprisingly, internal debt is seen to cause an even larger decline in this utility level. External debt has two effects in the long run, both arising from the taxes needed to finance the interest payments. The taxes directly reduce available lifetime consumption of the individual taxpayer. Further, by reducing his disposable income, taxes reduce his savings and thus the capital stock. Internal debt has both of these effects as well as a further reduction in the capital stock arising from the substitution of government debt for physical capital in individual portfolios.

National debt in a neoclassical growth model

We propose a new methodology to measure exchange rate misalignment for Turkey, which has already undergone a severe economic crisis. We estimate the real exchange rate within a time varying parameter model, where a return-to-normality assumption about the parameters are assumed. Contrary to common belief, it is found that, except the initial four months of the stabilization program, the Turkish Lira remained structurally undervalued for most of 2000. Also, we observe a pattern where Lira has been structurally overvalued after the crisis in 1994 until 1998, and has displayed structural undervaluation after then.

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Measuring exchange rate misalignment in Turkey

The economic and political crisis which Turkey faced during 1977-1980 was resolved by an orthodox stabilization program adopted early in 1980, immediately followed by conventional structural adjustment measures and the military coup realized on September of the same year. The Turkish experience with orthodox stabilization and structural adjustment incorporates a number of specificities and it will be useful to recall them briefly. First of all, the striking element of continuity in basic economic policy orientation which lasted from 1980 up till 1089 without any significant reversals should be emphasized. The personal role of Turgut Ozal as Vice Premier in charge of the economy during 1980-1982 under the military governments and Prime Minister during 1984-1991, was a determining factor in this respect. Reversals and hesitations as observed in Latin American experiences due to differences between rival monetarist schools or between populist and right wing political groupings played practically no role for almost ten years in Turkey. The political pressures which resulted in a switch back to populism in 1989 —a theme to be investigated in this paper— marked, in our view, a drastic shift away from the policy model adopted in 1980.

Distributional Dynamics in Turkey under “Structural Adjustment” of the 1980s 1

http://yoksis.bilkent.edu.tr/pdf/files/10.1016-S0161-8938(03)00056-5.pdf

Macroeconomics of Turkey’s agricultural reforms: an intertemporal computable general equilibrium analysis ☆

On the IMF directed disinflation program in Turkey: a program for stabilization and austerity or a recipe for impoverishment and financial chaos?

http://yoksis.bilkent.edu.tr/doi_getpdf/articles/10.1016-j.jpolmod.2005.04.004.pdf

Erinç Yeldan

Papers

Measuring exchange rate misalignment in Turkey

Distributional Dynamics in Turkey under “Structural Adjustment” of the 1980s 1

Macroeconomics of Turkey’s agricultural reforms: an intertemporal computable general equilibrium analysis ☆

On the IMF directed disinflation program in Turkey: a program for stabilization and austerity or a recipe for impoverishment and financial chaos?

Managing Turkish debt: An OLG investigation of the IMF's fiscal programming model for Turkey