Convergence of Probability Measures. By P. Billingsley. Chichester, Sussex, Wiley, 1968. xii, 253 p. 9 1/4“. 117s.

Convergence of Probability Measures

Fractional Differential Equations

The author's preface gives an outline: "This book is about weakconvergence methods in metric spaces, with applications sufficient to show their power and utility. The Introduction motivates the definitions and indicates how the theory will yield solutions to problems arising outside it. Chapter 1 sets out the basic general theorems, which are then specialized in Chapter 2 to the space C[0, l ] of continuous functions on the unit interval and in Chapter 3 to the space D [0, 1 ] of functions with discontinuities of the first kind. The results of the first three chapters are used in Chapter 4 to derive a variety of limit theorems for dependent sequences of random variables. " The book develops and expands on Donsker's 1951 and 1952 papers on the invariance principle and empirical distributions. The basic random variables remain real-valued although, of course, measures on C[0, l ] and D[0, l ] are vitally used. Within this framework, there are various possibilities for a different and apparently better treatment of the material. More of the general theory of weak convergence of probabilities on separable metric spaces would be useful. Metrizability of the convergence is not brought up until late in the Appendix. The close relation of the Prokhorov metric and a metric for convergence in probability is (hence) not mentioned (see V. Strassen, Ann. Math. Statist. 36 (1965), 423-439; the reviewer, ibid. 39 (1968), 1563-1572). This relation would illuminate and organize such results as Theorems 4.1, 4.2 and 4.4 which give isolated, ad hoc connections between weak convergence of measures and nearness in probability. In the middle of p. 16, it should be noted that C*(S) consists of signed measures which need only be finitely additive if 5 is not compact. On p. 239, where the author twice speaks of separable subsets having nonmeasurable cardinal, he means "discrete" rather than "separable." Theorem 1.4 is Ulam's theorem that a Borel probability on a complete separable metric space is tight. Theorem 1 of Appendix 3 weakens completeness to topological completeness. After mentioning that probabilities on the rationals are tight, the author says it is an

Convergence of probability measures

关于Semigroups of Linear Operators and Applications to Partial Differential Equations的两个注解

Stable non-Gaussian random processes , by G. Samorodnitsky and M. S. Taqqu. Pp. 632. £49.50. 1994. ISBN 0-412-05171-0 (Chapman and Hall).

The fractional Poisson process is a renewal process with Mittag-Leffler waiting times. Its distributions solve a time-fractional analogue of the Kolmogorov forward equation for a Poisson process. This paper shows that a traditional Poisson process, with the time variable replaced by an independent inverse stable subordinator, is also a fractional Poisson process. This result unifies the two main approaches in the stochastic theory of time-fractional diffusion equations. The equivalence extends to a broad class of renewal processes that include models for tempered fractional diffusion, and distributed-order (e.g., ultraslow) fractional diffusion. The paper also {discusses the relation between} the fractional Poisson process and Brownian time.

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The Fractional Poisson Process and the Inverse Stable Subordinator

Fractional Cauchy problems replace the usual first-order time derivative by a fractional derivative. This paper develops classical solutions and stochastic analogues for fractional Cauchy problems in a bounded domain DR d with Dirichlet boundary conditions. Stochastic solutions are constructed via an inverse stable subordi- nator whose scaling index corresponds to the order of the fractional time derivative. Dirichlet problems corresponding to iterated Brow- nian motion in a bounded domain are then solved by establishing a correspondence with the case of a half-derivative in time. 1. Introduction. In this paper, we extend the approach of Meerschaert and Scheffler ( 23) and Meerschaert et al. (24) to fractional Cauchy problems on bounded domains. Our methods involve eigenfunction expansions, killed Markov processes and inverse stable subordinators. In a recent related paper (7), we establish a connection between fractional Cauchy problems with index β = 1/2 on an unbounded domain, and iterated Brownian motion (IBM), defined as Zt = B(|Yt|), where B is a Brownian motion with values in R d and Y is an independent one-dimensional Brownian motion. Since IBM is also the stochastic solution to a Cauchy problem involving a fourth-order derivative in space (2, 14), that paper also establishes a connection between certain higher-order Cauchy problems and their time-fractional analogues. More generally, Baeumer, Meerschaert and Nane (7) shows a connection between fractional Cauchy problems with β = 1/2 and higher-order Cauchy problems that involve the square of the generator. In the present paper, we

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Fractional Cauchy problems on bounded domains

Distributed-order fractional diffusions on bounded domains

Space-time fractional diffusion on bounded domains

A Brownian time process is a Markov process subordinated to the absolute value of an independent one-dimensional Brownian motion. Its transition densities solve an initial value problem involving the square of the generator of the original Markov process. An apparently unrelated class of processes, emerging as the scaling limits of continuous time random walks, involves subordination to the inverse or hitting time process of a classical stable subordinator. The resulting densities solve fractional Cauchy problems, an extension that involves fractional derivatives in time. In this paper, we will show a close and unexpected connection between these two classes of processes and, consequently, an equivalence between these two families of partial differential equations.

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Erkan Nane

Papers

The Fractional Poisson Process and the Inverse Stable Subordinator

Fractional Cauchy problems on bounded domains

Distributed-order fractional diffusions on bounded domains

Space-time fractional diffusion on bounded domains

Brownian subordinators and fractional Cauchy problems