This book draws on a wide range of scientific research on the contribution that insects make to ecosystems, diets, food security and livelihoods in both developed and developing countries.

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Edible insects: future prospects for food and feed security

With a growing world population and increasingly demanding consumers, the production of sufficient protein from livestock, poultry, and fish represents a serious challenge for the future. Approximately 1,900 insect species are eaten worldwide, mainly in developing countries. They constitute quality food and feed, have high feed conversion ratios, and emit low levels of greenhouse gases. Some insect species can be grown on organic side streams, reducing environmental contamination and transforming waste into high-protein feed that can replace increasingly more expensive compound feed ingredients, such as fish meal. This requires the development of costeffective, automated mass-rearing facilities that provide a reliable, stable, and safe product. In the tropics, sustainable harvesting needs to be assured and rearing practices promoted, and in general, the food resource needs to be revalorized. In the Western world, consumer acceptability will relate to pricing, perceived environmental benefits, and the development of tasty insect-derived protein products.

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Potential of Insects as Food and Feed in Assuring Food Security

State-of-the-art on use of insects as animal feed.

Insects, a traditional food in many parts of the world, are highly nutritious and especially rich in proteins and thus represent a potential food and protein source. A compilation of 236 nutrient compositions in addition to amino acid spectra and fatty acid compositions as well as mineral and vitamin contents of various edible insects as derived from literature is given and the risks and benefits of entomophagy are discussed. Although the data were subject to a large variation, it could be concluded that many edible insects provide satisfactorily with energy and protein, meet amino acid requirements for humans, are high in MUFA and/or PUFA, and rich in several micronutrients such as copper, iron, magnesium, manganese, phosphorous, selenium, and zinc as well as riboflavin, pantothenic acid, biotin, and in some cases folic acid. Liabilities of entomophagy include the possible content of allergenic and toxic substances as well as antinutrients and the presence of pathogens. More data are required for a thorough assessment of the nutritional potential of edible insects and proper processing and decontamination methods have to be developed to ensure food safety.

https://thepaleodiet.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/2013-Rumpold-Nutritional-composition.pdf

Nutritional composition and safety aspects of edible insects

Edible insects, a traditional food all over the world, are highly nutritious with high fat, protein and mineral contents depending on the species and thus represent a noteworthy alternative food and feed source and a potential substitute e. g. for fishmeal in feed formulae. Research is required to develop and automatize cost-effective, energy-efficient and microbially safe rearing, harvest and post harvest processing technologies as well as sanitation procedures to ensure food and feed safety and produce safe insect products at a reasonable price on an industrial scale especially in comparison to meat products. In addition, consumer acceptance needs to be established. Potential and challenges along the production chain of insects for food and feed are discussed based on published data and future research needs are derived from recent literature. Industrial relevance text With the increasing demand in alternative protein sources world-wide, insects represent an innovative food and feed source rich in high quality protein as well as other beneficial nutritional ingredients such as fat, minerals and vitamins. Despite traditional knowledge about insects and their harvest in the wild, for the industrial mass production of safe insects and insect products for consumption and for processing into food and feed, the development of rearing, harvest as well as post-harvest technologies is required.

Potential and challenges of insects as an innovative source for food and feed production

Several dried waste materials from different origins were used as a substrate to grow Tenebrio molitor L. Nutrient/amino acid values differed depending on both larval size/weight and substrate. These larvae were experimentally used as a broiler feedstuff. Seven-day-old chicks of a commercially available strain with an average weight of 126 g were randomly distributed into nine six-broiler groups. Three levels of Tenebrio molitor larvae (0, 5, and 10% dry weight) were used in a 19% protein content sorghum-soybean meal basal diet, to evaluate feed intake, weight gain, and feed efficiency. Results after 15 d showed no significant differences among treatments. These data indicate that Tenebrio molitor has the potential to be used as protein source for raising broilers.

https://bioone.org/journals/journal-of-economic-entomology/volume-95/issue-1/0022-0493-95.1.214/Use-of-Tenebrio-molitor-Coleoptera--Tenebrionidae-to-Recycle-Organic/10.1603/0022-0493-95.1.214.pdf

Use of Tenebrio molitor (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) to Recycle Organic Wastes and as Feed for Broiler Chickens

Mulberry is a multipurpose plant which originated in China. For more than 5 000 years it has been the only feedstuff for the silkworm, due to its excellent nutritional qualities, especially its high content of protein and energy. In addition, it is used in several regions of the world for livestock feeding. For such reasons, in 1996 the researchers of the Experimental Station of Pastures and Forages “Indio Hatuey”, taking into consideration the need to search for new sources of forages for animal feeding, reconsidered the possibility of introducing to the country four mulberry varieties from Costa Rica, based on relationships established with the Tropical Agronomic Center of Research and Training (CATIE) from that country, with the objective of evaluating their performance under different edaphoclimatic conditions and carrying out trials with different animal species.

La morera (Morus alba, Linn.): una especie de interés para la alimentación animal Mulberry (Morus alba, Linn.): a species of interest for livestock production

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Evaluación de promotores del crecimiento para pollos de engorda

CON LA FINALIDAD DE EVALUAR EL EFECTO DEL PROBIOTICO (BACILLUS TOYOI 1010 ESPORAS/G) SOBRE EL COMPORTAMIENTO PRODUCTIVO EN POLLOS DE ENGORDA SE REALIZARON DOS EXPERIMENTOS. EN EL EXPERIMENTO 1 SE UTILIZARON 640 POLLOS MIXTOS ARBOR ACRES DE UN DIA DE EDAD. SE EMPLEO UN DISENO CON ARREGLO FACTORIAL 2 X 2, UN FACTOR FUE EL NIVEL DE PROBIOTICO (0 Y 50 PPM ) Y EL OTRO EL SISTEMA DE ALIMENTACION (CON Y SIN RESTRICCION EN EL TIEMPO DE ACCESO AL ALIMENTO) DE LOS OCHO A LOS 42 DIAS DE EDAD. LOS RESULTADOS EN 49 DIAS PARA GANANCIA DE PESO FUERON DIFERENTES (P 0.05) ENTRE LOS SISTEMAS DE ALIMENTACION (2.08 AD LIMITUM Y 2.06 RESTRINGIDO), NI PARA LA ADICION DEL PROBIOTICO (2.06, 2.06 ). LA MORTALIDAD GENERAL Y POR SINDROME ASCITICO (SA) FUE MAYOR (P 0.05). LOS RESULTADOS DE ESTE TRABAJO INDICARON QUE EL PROBIOTICO ADICIONADO A LA DIETA PARA POLLOS DE ENGORDA MOSTRO TENER UN EFECTO PROMOTOR DEL CRECIMIENTO Y DISMINUYO LA MORTALIDAD POR SA.

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El efecto de bacillus toyoi sobre el comportamiento productivo en pollos de engorda

SE REALIZARON DOS EXPERIMENTOS CON EL OBJETO DE CONOCER LAS NECESIDADES DE LISINA Y AMINOACIDOS AZUFRADOS DIGESTIBLES EN GALLINAS LEGHORN BLANCAS; PARA CADA UNO DE ELLOS SE EMPLEARON 240 GALLINAS DE LA LINEA ISA BABCOCK B-300 DE 24 SEMANAS DE EDAD, ALOJADAS EN JAULA. SE UTILIZARON DISENOS COMPLETAMENTE AL AZAR, CON CINCO TRATAMIENTOS EN AMBOS EXPERIMENTOS. EN EL EXPERIMENTO 1 SE EMPLEARON CINCO NIVELES DE LISINA DIGESTIBLE (0.47%, 0.57%, 0.67%, 077% Y 0.87%) Y EN EL EXPERIMENTO 2, CINCO NIVELES DE METIONINA CISTINA DIGESTIBLES (0.41%, 0.47%, 0.53%, 0.59% Y 0.65%). EN LOS EXPERIMENTOS, LAS DIETAS BASALES SE ELABORARON CON SORGO, SOYA Y GLUTEN DE MAIZ, CON 15.69% DE PROTEINA, Y PARA LOGRAR LOS DIFERENTES NIVELES DE AMINOACIDOS EN LAS DIETAS SE EMPLEO L-LISINA HCL Y DL-METIONINA. SE LLEVARON REGISTROS DE LAS VARIABLES PRODUCTIVAS, PORCENTAJE DE POSTURA, PESO DEL HUEVO, MASA DEL HUEVO AVE-DIA, CONSUMO DE ALIMENTO Y CONVERSION ALIMENTARIA. LOS DATOS DE LAS VARIABLES PARA CADA ESTUDIO SE ANALIZARON POR MEDIO DE UN ANALISIS DE VARIANZA MULTIVARIADO. LOS RESULTADOS EN DIEZ SEMANAS PARA LOS EXPERIMENTOS MOSTRARON UN EFECTO CUADRATICO (P < 0.01), LOS NIVELES OPTIMOS PARA UN MAXIMO COMPORTAMIENTO PRODUCTIVO FUERON DE 0.728% DE LISINA DIGESTIBLE Y 0.615% DE METIONINA CISTINA DIGESTIBLE; O UN CONSUMO DIARIO POR AVE DE 655 MG DE LISINA Y 553 MG DE AMINOACIDOS AZUFRADOS DIGESTIBLES. ESTOS RESULTADOS INDICAN QUE LAS RELACIONES IDEALES, PARA LA GALLINA DE POSTURA, LISINA Y METIONINA CISTINA DIGESTIBLES PARA UN MAXIMO COMPORTAMIENTO SON: CONSIDERANDO A LA LISINA COMO 100% DE 84.4% PARA METIONINA + CISTINA

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Ernesto Ávila González

Papers

Use of Tenebrio molitor (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) to Recycle Organic Wastes and as Feed for Broiler Chickens

La morera (Morus alba, Linn.): una especie de interés para la alimentación animal Mulberry (Morus alba, Linn.): a species of interest for livestock production

Evaluación de promotores del crecimiento para pollos de engorda

El efecto de bacillus toyoi sobre el comportamiento productivo en pollos de engorda

Necesidades de lisina y aminoácidos azufrados digestibles en gallinas Leghorn Blancas