Hybrid and electric vehicle technology has seen rapid development in recent years. The motor and the generator are at the heart of the vehicle drive and energy system and often utilize expensive rare-earth permanent magnet (PM) material. This paper reviews and addresses the research work that has been carried out to reduce the amount of rare-earth material that is used while maintaining the high efficiency and performance that rare-earth PM machines offer. These new machines can use either less rare-earth PM material, weaker ferrite magnets, or no magnets; and they need to meet the high performance that the more usual interior PM synchronous motor with sintered neodymium-iron-boron magnets provides. These machines can take the form of PM-assisted synchronous reluctance machines, induction machines, switched reluctance machines, wound rotor synchronous machines (claw pole or biaxially excited), double-saliency machines with ac or dc stator current control, or brushless dc multiple-phase reluctance machines.

Automotive Electric Propulsion Systems With Reduced or No Permanent Magnets: An Overview

Preparing the books to read every day is enjoyable for many people. However, there are still many people who also don't like reading. This is a problem. But, when you can support others to start reading, it will be better. One of the books that can be recommended for new readers is computer aided analysis of electronic circuits algorithms and computational techniques. This book is not kind of difficult book to read. It can be read and understand by the new readers.

Computer-aided analysis of electronic circuits: Algorithms and computational techniques

Today, energy crisis turn out to be a serious threat towards sustainability for developing countries since their energy demand is growing more rapidly than developed countries. On the other hand, fossil fuels cannot sustain anymore in the near future because of environmental impacts and depletion of the reserves. Malaysia is experiencing drastic growth in population and economy and requires exploring alternative energy sources to support its population and commercial energy demand. Biomass as the fourth largest energy resource in the world is abundant in the country. Malaysia is blessed with tropical and humid climate all year round which is a magnificent opportunity for fully exploiting agriculture and tropical forests potential. Since late 1990, the concept of waste-to-wealth had been promoted and became popular widely. This concept is based on unwanted wastes which are converted into valuable energy while reducing waste generated and increase the economy-efficiency mainly used for cooking, space heating and power generation. Currently, concerted efforts and various biomass energy programs are supporting by the government for development, demonstration and commercialization. This paper intent to present the current state and prospects of biomass utilization and strategies promoted for future developments in Malaysia.

Solar energy in Malaysia: current state and prospects

Commuting by bicycle has advantages over other modes of transport,both for the commuter and for society.Although cycling is an option for many commuters,a considerable number of them choose to use other forms of trans-port.In order to underpin policies that promote commuting by bicy-cle,this paper investigates the de-terminants for commuting to work.As many bicycle commuters do notcycle every day,we also examine people’s daily choices,in terms of frequency.We conducted a survey of the current literature in order to identify the determinants for com-muting by bicycle.We found many determinants,not all of which are addressed by conventional mode choice studies and models.This suggests that predicting and influ-encing bicycle use needs to be grounded in other kinds of knowl-edge than those currently available for motorized forms of transport.

Commuting by Bicycle:An Overview of the Literature

/pdf/liolios-xerolibadiotes-enas-agnoemenos-makedonas-agonistes-xpyhzwqzhp.pdf

Λιόλιος Ξερολιβαδιώτης : ένας αγνοημένος Μακεδόνας αγωνιστής του '21 και λίγα για την ιστορία του Ξερολιβάδου/ Γιώργου Χ. Χιονίδη

Over the last decade, many automotive companies have been commercializing hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) as one of candidates for sustainable human life. Some of the recent HEVs employ electric propulsion systems using a combination of reduction gear and interior permanent magnet synchronous motors (IPMSM) operated by relatively high-speed more than 12 000 r/min, resulting in achieving high torque and power densities simultaneously. In the combination, since all rare-earth permanent magnets are embedded in its rotor core, a machine design of high-speed IPMSM tends to be difficult. This is due to a design confliction between keeping enough mechanical strength of the rotor core and bringing out better electromagnetic performances. To cope with this problem, this paper deals with a 6-slot-8-pole hybrid excitation flux switching machine, in which both permanent magnets and wound field excitation are employed as magnetomotive force sources. This machine has all active parts on the stator body and a rugged rotor structure similar to that of switched reluctance motor suitable for high-speed operation. Some design parameter refinements are conducted to the machine in order to elevate maximum torque capability and maximum power density as much as possible under given design requirements and constraints. As a result, it is demonstrated that the machine designed becomes a good candidate for the target HEV drive application.

High Power Density Design of 6-Slot–8-Pole Hybrid Excitation Flux Switching Machine for Hybrid Electric Vehicles

This paper presents a new structure of 12Slot-10Pole field-excitation flux switching synchronous machine (FEFSSM) with all active parts namely field excitation coil (FEC) and armature coil are located on the stator, applied for hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs). The rotor part consists of single piece iron makes it more robust and becoming more suitable to apply for high speed motor drive system application coupled with reduction gear. The design target is the motor with a maximum torque of 210Nm with reduction gear ratio of 4:1, a maximum power of 123kW, a maximum power density more than 3.5kW/kg, and a maximum speed of 20, 000r/min with similar restrictions and specifications in IPMSM used for LEXUS RX400h. The deterministic design optimization approach is used to treat design parameters defined in rotor, armature and FEC repeatedly until the target performances are achieved, under maximum current density 21A/mm2 for both armature and FEC. A result shows that the proposed design enables to keep the same power density in existing IPMSM installed on a commercial SUV-HEV.

A new structure of 12Slot-10Pole field-excitation flux switching synchronous machine for hybrid electric vehicles

This paper presents design study, optimization and performance analysis of wound field flux switching machine with non-rare-earth magnet for hybrid electric vehicle drive applications. The stator of proposed machine consists of iron core made of electromagnetic steels, armature coils and field excitation coils as the only field mmf source. The rotor is composed of only stack of iron and hence, it is robust and suitable for high speed operation. The design target is a machine with the maximum torque and power density, and the maximum speed more than 210Nm and 3.5kW/kg, and 20,000r/min, respectively, which competes with interior permanent magnet synchronous machine used in an existing hybrid electric vehicle. Deterministic optimization method is applied to design the proposed machine until the target performances are achieved. Some experimental studies using a prototype of the finally designed machine are demonstrated to validate the effectiveness of the proposed machine.

Design study and experimental analysis of wound field flux switching motor for HEV applications

With growing concerns over our environment, more and more people in automakers, governments and customers think that the electric drive becomes more attractive research. Since electric motors play an important role in both EVs and HEVs, it is a pressing need for researchers to develop advanced electric machines. As one of the candidates, permanent magnet flux switching machine (PMFSM) with additional coil excitation has several attractive features compared to interior permanent magnet synchronous machines (IPMSM) conventionally employed in HEV. The variable flux control capability and robust rotor structure make this machine becoming more attractive to apply for high speed motor drive system coupled with reduction gear. This paper presents an investigation into design possibility of 6-slot 5-pole PMFSM with hybrid excitation for traction drives in HEVs. An improved design is examined to gain a better performance in its maximum torque and power production. The final designed machine enables to keep much power density compared to existing IPMSM installed on the commercial SUV-HEV.

Design Optimization and Performance of a Novel 6-Slot 5-Pole PMFSM with Hybrid Excitation for Hybrid Electric Vehicle

Hybrid excitation flux switching synchronous machine (HEFSSM) has several attractive features compared to interior permanent magnet synchronous machines (IPMSM) conventionally employed in hybrid electric vehicles (HEV). Among various types of HEFSSM, the machine with both permanent magnet (PM) and field excitation coil (FEC) on the stator has the advantages of robust rotor structure together with variable flux control capabilities that make this machine becoming more attractive to apply for high-speed motor drive systems. This paper presents an investigation into the design possibility and parameter optimization study of 12Slot-10Pole HEFSSM for traction drives in HEV. The research target is to design a machine with reduced amount of rare-earth magnet, a maximum torque of 210Nm, a maximum power of more than 123kW, and a maximum power density of more than 3.5kW/kg. Extensions in speed and torque ranges are chosen for optimization aims. The deterministic design approach is used to treat ten design parameters in an effort to achieve the target performances. As a result, the designed HEFSSM with 0.4kg PM is able to get much higher power density compared to existing IPMSM installed on a commercial SUV-HEV.

Erwan Sulaiman

Papers

High Power Density Design of 6-Slot–8-Pole Hybrid Excitation Flux Switching Machine for Hybrid Electric Vehicles

A new structure of 12Slot-10Pole field-excitation flux switching synchronous machine for hybrid electric vehicles

Design study and experimental analysis of wound field flux switching motor for HEV applications

Design Optimization and Performance of a Novel 6-Slot 5-Pole PMFSM with Hybrid Excitation for Hybrid Electric Vehicle

Design optimization of 12Slot-10Pole hybrid excitation flux switching synchronous machine with 0.4kg permanent magnet for hybrid electric vehicles