This chapter contains sections titled: The Problem, The Generalized Delta Rule, Simulation Results, Some Further Generalizations, Conclusion

/pdf/learning-internal-representations-by-error-propagation-100fypr7vm.pdf

Learning internal representations by error propagation

How to Do Things With Words

In this provocative book, Barwise and Perry tackle the slippery subject of \"meaning, \" a subject that has long vexed linguists, language philosophers, and logicians.

/pdf/situations-and-attitudes-57f065zg2d.pdf

Situations and Attitudes.

A Descriptive Study

which is used to describe a third component of thinking processes, particularly preverbal, and it denotes the concept that the world is activated by some generalized "energy" that links together causally all objects and events ; it is presumably revealed by a person's lack of curiosity about causal connections, as though they were self-evident. Aside from the rather frequent use of such key words, having strong connotations for this reviewer far away from what the author is aiming to denote, the book is written in a lucid and stimulating style that makes reading it an invigorating intellectual exercise. It is a book that is likely to have somewhat limited attraction to the full-time clinician, especially one treating adult patients. And child psychiatrists and psychologists, if reasonably well read, will most likely be familiar with the majority of references from which this author has synthesized his material. On the other hand, the scholarly and refreshing con¬ ceptual approaches of the author will appeal to psychologists, philosophers, linguists, and psychiatrists with a research bent and anyone else who wants to be provoked to do some thinking on the problems of language, language development, and the psychology of cognition. Louis A. GOTTSCHALK, M.D. Plans and the Structure of Behavior. By George A Miller, Eugene gALANTER, and Karl H. Pribram. Price, $5.00. Pp. 226. Henry Holt & Co., Inc., New York 17, 1960. This is an important book for psychiatrists and behavioral scientists, since it presents a clear, concise study of the application of cybernetics, information and computer theory to the problem of analyzing behavior. The authors have been actively engaged in behavioral research in different areas\p=m-\Millerin information and communication, Galanter in experimental psychology, and Pribram in neurophysiology. The book resulted from a series of discussions which they engaged in during a year they spent together at the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences, Palo Alto, Calif. Their original intent was to write a diary, as it were, of the development of their ideas and, fortunately, enough of this remains to make the book clear, easy to read, and interesting. It is also fortunate, however, that in the final writing a variety of studies comparing the "behavior" of computing machines with human "cognitive behavior" have been reviewed and summarized. The result is one of the best presentations of the present status of the brain-computer problem. The authors, however, do not discuss certain aspects of this problem, such as the difference between the brain and its vast number of parallel channels, but few operations, and the modern high-speed computer with its few channels and vast numbers of operations. This omission is consistent with their interest, since it would introduce the question of mechanisms rather than the problem of the structure of behavior as it is observed in everyday life in the clinic and in experiments on learning, conditioning, etc. Similarly, they do not discuss the qualitative differences between mechanisms of memory in the computer and those in the brain. In the former, a "memory"\p=m-\ i.e., stored information\p=m-\isidentified, metaphorically speaking, by an address, whereas no such mechanism is known in the brain (personal communication, Dr. Julian Bigelow). With few exceptions, however, the data, concepts, and theories presented are handled with elegant precision, as illustrated by the discussion of Sherrington's concepts of the "Reflex" and the "Synapse," Kurt Lewin's ideas of "tension states," and the numerous references to the work of Newell, Shaw, and Simon on computers and logic. There are, nevertheless, areas with

https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1057%2Fjors.1968.86.pdf

Plans and the Structure of Behavior

This study explores the role of interclausal connectives as a set of linguistic devices which help the reader interpret a narrative text. We show that: (a) even simple narrative texts have a range of interpretations; (b) the variability of the interpretations decreases with the presence of the interclausal connectives; (c) the role of two connectives, then and and, serve primarily to identify variations in continuity between information in the incoming clause and previously known events; (d) so, because, and but signal causality or adversity and do so primarily from a subjective perspective; and (e) the interpretation of a particular clause in the text may be affected by story events whether or not they are actually expressed in the text. We compare four possible views of how interclausal connectives function in narratives: an empty view, a local cohesion view, a global marker view, and a mental model‐deictic shift view. The data support the fourth view, in which readers use interclausal connectives to si...

The role of interclausal connectives in narrative structuring: Evidence from adults' interpretations of simple stories

Complex behavior or higher mental process: Is there a paradigm shift?

The game of science

The purpose of this investigation was to determine the effects of the quality and speech presentation rate (SPR) of synthetic speech and textual characteristics (length, complexity, genre) on a listener's ability to summarize paragraph-length texts. Forty able-bodied students and staff members were individually tested over a 3-day period, listening to eight texts produced by one of two synthesizers (DECtalk, Echo+) at a normal SPR or with 10-second intervals of silence interspersed between individual words. Using a discourse summarization taxonomy developed for this study, subjects listening to DECtalk speech produced more accurate summaries than did ECHO speech listeners, and synthetic speech presented at a slow rate was summarized more accurately than synthetic speech presented at a normal SPR. Additionally, a significant three-way interaction effect was noted for voice × SPR × text complexity. Echo listeners performed more poorly at normal versus slow SPRs regardless of text complexity level. However, ...

Discourse comprehension of synthetic speech delivered at normal and slow presentation rates

This paper discusses the theoretical background and some of the results of an interdisciplinary, cognitive-science research project on the comprehension of narrative text The unifying theme of our work has been the notion of a deictic center: a mental model of spatial, temporal, and character information contributed by the reader of the narrative and used by the reader in understanding the narrative We examine the deictic center in the light of our investigations from the viewpoints of linguistics, cognitive psychology, individual differences (language pathology), literary theory of narrative, and artificial intelligence

/pdf/deictic-centers-and-the-cognitive-structure-of-narrative-4s15qeu18g.pdf

Erwin M. Segal

Papers

The role of interclausal connectives in narrative structuring: Evidence from adults' interpretations of simple stories

Complex behavior or higher mental process: Is there a paradigm shift?

The game of science

Discourse comprehension of synthetic speech delivered at normal and slow presentation rates

Deictic Centers AND THE COGNITIVE STRUCTURE OF NARRATIVE COMPREHENSION