Recently, a series of innovative information-centric networking (ICN) architectures have been designed to better address the shift from host-centric end-to-end communication to requester-driven content retrieval. With the explosive increase of mobile data traffic, the mobility issue in ICN is a growing concern and a number of approaches have been proposed to deal with the mobility problem in ICN. Despite the potential advantages of ICN in mobile wireless environments, several significant research challenges remain to be addressed before its widespread deployment, including consistent routing, local cached content discovery, energy efficiency, privacy, security and trust, and practical deployment. In this paper, we present a brief survey on some of the works that have already been done to achieve mobile ICN, and discuss some research issues and challenges. We identify several important aspects of mobile ICN: overview, mobility enabling technologies, information-centric wireless mobile networks, and research challenges.

A Survey of Mobile Information-Centric Networking: Research Issues and Challenges

We review margins used in optical networks and review a formerly proposed margin taxonomy. For each category of margins, we review techniques that the network designer can use in order to increase the capacity of optical networks, extend their life, and decrease deployment cost (CAPEX) or total cost of ownership over their life duration. Green field (new network deployments) and brown field techniques (used after initial network deployment) are discussed. The technology needed to leverage the margins and achieve the aforementioned gains are also reviewed, along with the associated challenges.

Design of Low-Margin Optical Networks

Fiber-optic multi-band transmission (MBT) aims at exploiting the low-loss spectral windows of single-mode fibers (SMFs) for data transport, expanding by $\sim\!11\times$ the available bandwidth of C-band line systems and by $\sim\!5\times$ C+L-band line systems’. MBT offers a high potential for cost-efficient throughput upgrades of optical networks, even in absence of available dark-fibers, as it utilizes more efficiently the existing infrastructures. This represents the main advantage compared to approaches such as multi-mode/-core fibers or spatial division multiplexing. Furthermore, the industrial trend is clear: the first commercial C $+$ L-band systems are entering the market and research has moved toward the neighboring S-band. This article discusses the potential and challenges of MBT covering the ITU-T optical bands O  $\rightarrow$  L. MBT performance is assessed by addressing the generalized SNR (GSNR) including both the linear and non-linear fiber propagation effects. Non-linear fiber propagation is taken into account by computing the generated non-linear interference by using the generalized Gaussian-noise (GGN) model, which takes into account the interaction of non-linear fiber propagation with stimulated Raman scattering (SRS), and in general considers wavelength-dependent fiber parameters. For linear effects, we hypothesize typical components’ figures and discussion on components’ limitations, such as transceivers,’ amplifiers’ and filters’ are not part of this work. We focus on assessing the transmission throughput that is realistic to achieve by using feasible multi-band components without specific optimizations and implementation discussion. So, results are meant to address the potential throughput scaling by turning-on excess fiber transmission bands. As transmission fiber, we focus exclusively on the ITU-T G.652.D, since it is the most widely deployed fiber type worldwide and the mostly suitable to multi-band transmission, thanks to its ultra-wide low-loss single-mode high-dispersion spectral region. Similar analyses could be carried out for other single-mode fiber types. We estimate a total single-fiber throughput of 450 Tb/s over a distance of 50 km and 220 Tb/s over regional distances of 600 km: $\sim\!10\times$ and 8× more than C-band transmission respectively and $\sim\!2.5\times$ more than full C+L.

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Assessment on the Achievable Throughput of Multi-Band ITU-T G.652.D Fiber Transmission Systems

Many researches show that the power consumption of network devices of ICT is nearly 10% of total global consumption. While the redundant deployment of network equipment makes the network utilization is relatively low, which leads to a very low energy efficiency of networks. With the dynamic and high quality demands of users, how to improve network energy efficiency becomes a focus under the premise of ensuring network performance and customer service quality. For this reason, we propose an energy consumption model based on link loads, and use the network’s bit energy consumption parameter to measure the network energy efficiency. This paper is to minimize the network’s bit energy consumption parameter, and then we propose the energy-efficient minimum criticality routing algorithm, which includes energy efficiency routing and load balancing. To further improve network energy efficiency, this paper proposes an energy-efficient multi-constraint rerouting (E2MR2) algorithm. E2MR2 uses the energy consumption model to set up the link weight for maximum energy efficiency and exploits rerouting strategy to ensure network QoS and maximum delay constraints. The simulation uses synthetic traffic data in the real network topology to analyze the performance of our method. Simulation results that our approach is feasible and promising.

Energy-Efficient Multi-Constraint Routing Algorithm With Load Balancing for Smart City Applications

Bandwidth fragmentation, a serious issue in elastic optical networks (EONs), can be suppressed by proper management in order to enhance the accommodated traffic demands. In this context, we need an in-depth survey that covers bandwidth fragmentation problems and how to suppress them. This survey paper starts with the basic concept of EONs and their unique properties. This paper then moves to the fragmentation problem in EONs. We discuss and analyze the major conventional spectrum allocation policies in terms of the fragmentation effect in a network. The taxonomies of the fragmentation management approaches are presented along with different node architectures. Subsequently, this paper reviews state-of-the-art fragmentation management approaches. Next, we evaluate and analyze the major fragmentation management approaches in terms of blocking probability. Finally, we address the research challenges and open issues on fragmentation problem in EONs that should be addressed in future research.

Fragmentation Problems and Management Approaches in Elastic Optical Networks: A Survey

—In this paper, we study several alternatives of protection for a time-domain wavelength interleaved network (TWIN), an optical burst switching technology for transport networks with active edge nodes, passive core nodes, and time-slotted operation. The main difference between those alternatives concerns the degree of resource sharing (transmitters, receivers, and wavelengths). After an extended study on the protection challenges in TWIN, we distinguish three main protection schemes: totally shared protection, partially shared protection, and dedicated protection. We propose a network dimensioning comparison for the aforementioned schemes, based on linear programming formulation addressing the optimization of a used resource. In addition, we assess the ability of the proposed schemes to maintain network performance during the failure in terms of delay, jitter, and packet loss ratio. The obtained results show that the totally shared protection scheme outperforms the other schemes in terms of resource utilization with nonsignificant degradation of the performance and a prompt recovery time.

Optimal cost and performance evaluation of various protection schemes for a reliable all-optical subwavelength switching network

The invention relates to a system for sending data in an optical network comprising source nodes ( 1 - 1, 1 - 2, 1 - 3, 1 - 4, 1 - 5 ), each capable of generating, in a spectral band that is associated with it, a multi-carrier optical data signal obtained by modulation of a source signal at a source wavelength and of sending this signal in the form of single-band data bursts ( 11 - 13, 21 - 23, 31 - 33, 41 - 43, 51 - 53 ) that can be associated with distinct source wavelengths, and a combiner ( 1,2 ) for combining single-band data bursts, sent by the source nodes in the spectral bands that are associated with them, into multi-band data bursts ( 61 - 63, 71 - 73 ) occupying a spectral band corresponding to a juxtaposition of the spectral bands associated with the source nodes. In this system, a unit for controlling an instant of sending of said single-band data bursts by the source nodes, implements a control plane taking account of a path time of the single-band data bursts sent by the source nodes to the combiner.

Optical signal comprising a succession of multi-band bursts of multi-carrier data signals, system and method of emission of such a signal, and corresponding optical transport network

Un systeme d'emission de donnees dans un reseau optique comprend : - des nœuds sources (1-1, 1-2, 1-3, 1-4, 1-5), aptes a generer chacun, dans une bande spectrale qui lui est associee, un signal optique multi-porteuse de donnees obtenu par modulation d'un signal source a une longueur d'onde source, et a emettre ce signal sous forme de rafales de donnees mono-bandes (11-13, 21-23, 31-33, 41-43, 51-53) pouvant etre associees a des longueurs d'onde source distinctes, - un combineur (1, 2) des rafales mono-bandes, emises par les nœuds sources dans les bandes spectrales qui leur sont associees, en rafales multi-bandes (61-63, 71-73), occupant une bande spectrale correspondant a une juxtaposition des bandes spectrales associees aux nœuds sources. Une unite de controle d'un instant d'emission des rafales mono-bandes par les nœuds sources met en œuvre un plan de commande tenant compte d'un temps de trajet des rafales mono-bandes emises par les nœuds sources vers le combineur.

Signal optique comprenant une succession de rafales multi-bandes de signaux multi-porteuses de donnees, systeme et procede d'emission d'un tel signal, et reseau de transport optique correspondant.

We discuss the history, past challenges and future plans of GNPy, an open source project for simulating physical impairments in contemporary DWDM network. The paper describes the unique interaction among network operators, equipment vendors, and standard bodies, as well as challenges in implementing the digital twin of an optical network.

GNPy: Lessons Learned and Future Plans [Invited]

We propose a Bayesian Optimization-based algorithm to assess the optical parameters that are taken as input by the QoT computation tool. The method reduces the error in computed OSNR down to 0.07dB.

Esther Le Rouzic

Papers

Optimal cost and performance evaluation of various protection schemes for a reliable all-optical subwavelength switching network

Optical signal comprising a succession of multi-band bursts of multi-carrier data signals, system and method of emission of such a signal, and corresponding optical transport network

Signal optique comprenant une succession de rafales multi-bandes de signaux multi-porteuses de donnees, systeme et procede d'emission d'un tel signal, et reseau de transport optique correspondant.

GNPy: Lessons Learned and Future Plans [Invited]

Bayesian Optimization-Based Algorithm to Improve the Quality of Transmission Estimation