ordinary schools, any neighborhood or city or setting where windows are barred, where people are in fear, where each man seeks his escape (as each may find his escape in terms that are not always happy or healthy). He admits that he is more helpful on analysis than solution. He raises a lot of serious questions. If any progress is going to be made in the humanization of the mentally retarded, it will come not from devising new answers to old questions but rather from asking a whole new set of questions, for example:

Media Review: Books: Attachment and Loss, Separation: Anxiety and Anger

Resilience in nursing students: An integrative review

Objective. To review literature pertaining to grit and resilience in health professions education. Findings. There is significant interest in grit and resilience throughout the health professions, but little has been published with regard to pharmacy. Although there are methodological issues with defining and measuring grit and resilience, several studies have shown relationships between the constructs and personal and academic well-being. Educational interventions aimed at increasing grit and resilience have produced mixed results. Developing protective factors appears to be the most common approach in helping students become more resilient. Summary. Literature pertaining to grit and resilience reveals that the terms are nuanced, complex, and difficult to measure and understand. Regardless, the general characteristics associated with grit and resilience are of interest to educators and warrant further study.

Review of Grit and Resilience Literature within Health Professions Education.

Stress, resilience and psychological well-being in Chinese undergraduate nursing students.

This paper provides an overview of research that has examined the benefits of emotional resilience for the wellbeing and employability of helping professionals such as social workers, nurses and midwives. It outlines the competencies that have been associated with emotional resilience (such as emotional literacy, reflective ability, appropriate empathy and social competence) and considers how they have the potential to help people to cope with the emotional demands inherent in the helping professions. Some evidence-based strategies are highlighted to help academic staff develop an ‘emotional curriculum’ to foster emotional resilience in students training for the helping professions.

Emotional resilience in the helping professions and how it can be enhanced

pines e.w., rauschhuber m.l., norgan g.h., cook j.d., canchola l., richardson c. & jones m.e. (2012) Stress resiliency, psychological empowerment and conflict management styles among baccalaureate nursing students. Journal of Advanced Nursing68(7), 1482–1493.

Abstract
Aims.  This article is a report of a Neuman Systems Model-guided correlational study of the relations of stress resiliency, psychological empowerment, selected demographic characteristics (age, ethnicity, semester in school) and conflict management styles.

Background.  Emerging evidence suggests that stress resiliency and psychological empowerment can strengthen student nurses in academic achievement and coping with stress. Little is known about conflict management styles of students and the relationship to empowerment, resiliency and the implications for managing workplace conflict.

Methods.  A correlational study was conducted in Spring 2010 with 166 baccalaureate students. Most participants were female, single, Hispanic and 25 years old. The data collection instruments included the Stress Resiliency Profile, the Psychological Empowerment Instrument, the Conflict Mode Instrument and a demographic inventory. Descriptive and inferential correlational statistics were used to analyse the data.

Results.  Students scored in the high range for focusing on their deficiencies in conflict situations; they scored above the 60th percentile for avoiding and accommodating behaviours and were less likely to use competing or collaborating strategies to manage conflict. Empowerment scores were significantly correlated with stress resiliency scores. Students with high scores on empowerment had high scores on the skill recognition subscale of the Stress Resiliency Profile suggesting more resilience; high scores on empowerment were related to high necessitating subscale scores of the Stress Resiliency Profile suggesting a predisposition to stress.

Conclusions.  Neuman Systems Model may provide guidance for educators to strengthen student nurses’ management of stressors in the workplace.

Stress resiliency, psychological empowerment and conflict management styles among baccalaureate nursing students.

To manage interpersonal conflict, nursing students need evidence-based interventions to strengthen stress resiliency, psychological empowerment, and conflict management skills. A pilot 1-group, pre-post-design, 2-semester intervention used simulated experiences to enhance these skills with 60 undergraduate nursing students. Findings suggest that integration of conflict resolution skills throughout the curriculum, with repeated opportunities to practice using a variety of styles of conflict management in relation to situational factors, may be beneficial to prepare students for the challenges of today's healthcare environment.

Enhancing resilience, empowerment, and conflict management among baccalaureate students: outcomes of a pilot study.

Nearly half of Zambia's population is under 15 years old, with an estimated 630,000 “AIDS orphans,” children who’s parents have died from HIV/AIDS, and are now left to survive without complete families. Zambian caregivers of these AIDS orphans have been overwhelmed with the task of providing grief counseling services to these children. Nursing professionals at the University of the Incarnate Word responded to the professional development needs of grief counselors in Zambia, and launched Health Connections in 2004-2006. Health Connections is a cross-cultural grief education program designed to educate caregivers in a rural Zambian village on how to help grieving children. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the process of assessment, planning, implementation, and evaluation of the Health Connections “train-the-trainers” program.

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Eula W. Pines

Papers

Stress resiliency, psychological empowerment and conflict management styles among baccalaureate nursing students.

Enhancing resilience, empowerment, and conflict management among baccalaureate students: outcomes of a pilot study.

Health Connections: A Culturally Sensitive Approach to HIV/AIDS Prevention Programming in Zambia