/pdf/who-oie-manual-on-echinococcosis-in-humans-and-animals-a-3oxkh54un8.pdf

WHO/OIE manual on echinococcosis in humans and animals: a public health problem of global concern.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses basic concepts and advances of invertebrate immunity. In mammals and other higher vertebrates, a plethora of information exists on the origin, development, structure, and functions of the cells and tissues of the immune system. The cells of the invertebrate immune system can be subdivided into two main groups—namely, the freely circulating blood cells/coelomocytes and a variety of fixed cells. These latter cells may be either scattered throughout the tissues or localized together in hemopoietidphagocytic organs. In addition to these cell-mediated defenses, there are a number of chemical and mechanical barriers to parasite invasion. The chapter also explains the structure and classification of blood cells/coelomocytes. It provides a functional approach for blood cell classification and the cells are arranged into five main groups—namely, progenitor cells, phagocytic cells, hemostatic cells, nutritive cells, and pigmented cells.

Invertebrate Immunity: Basic Concepts and Recent Advances

Alveolar echinococcosis (AE) and cystic echinococcosis (CE) are severe helminthic zoonoses. Echinococcus multilocularis (causative agent of AE) is widely distributed in the northern hemisphere where it is typically maintained in a wild animal cycle including canids as definitive hosts and rodents as intermediate hosts. The species Echinococcus granulosus, Echinococcus ortleppi, Echinococcus canadensis and Echinococcus intermedius are the causative agents of CE with a worldwide distribution and a highly variable human disease burden in the different endemic areas depending upon human behavioural risk factors, the diversity and ecology of animal host assemblages and the genetic diversity within Echinococcus species which differ in their zoonotic potential and pathogenicity. Both AE and CE are regarded as neglected zoonoses, with a higher overall burden of disease for CE due to its global distribution and high regional prevalence, but a higher pathogenicity and case fatality rate for AE, especially in Asia. Over the past two decades, numerous studies have addressed the epidemiology and distribution of these Echinococcus species worldwide, resulting in better-defined boundaries of the endemic areas. This chapter presents the global distribution of Echinococcus species and human AE and CE in maps and summarizes the global data on host assemblages, transmission, prevalence in animal definitive hosts, incidence in people and molecular epidemiology.

/pdf/global-distribution-of-alveolar-and-cystic-echinococcosis-51b6ql1ua1.pdf

Global Distribution of Alveolar and Cystic Echinococcosis.

An electro-optical system was developed to record microscope images with high resolution at low light intensities The system was used to study the invasion of erythrocytes by malaria merozoites Invasion consists of attachment of the anterior end of the parasite to the erythrocyte, deformation of the erythrocyte, and the entry of the parasite by erythrocyte membrane invagination

http://science.sciencemag.org/content/sci/187/4178/748.full.pdf

Invasion of erythrocytes by malaria merozoites

The reviews presented in previous chapters reveal substantial gaps in our knowledge about marten, fisher, lynx, and wolverine. These gaps severely constrain our ability to design reliable conservation strategies. This problem will be explored in depth in Chapter 7. In this chapter, our objective is to discuss management considerations resulting from what we currently know (and don't know) about these four forest carnivores. The authors of each species chapter have summarized the current state of knowledge about the biology and ecology of each species. Management considerations might lead to modifications or restrictions in the way these species or other resources are managed, given that the conservation of one or more forest carnivores is a management objective. As appropriate, we will compare and contrast management considerations for all four species and identify management considerations that apply to the population status or habitat quality for two or more species at the same time. These discussions should not be interpreted as management recommendations. Rather, we intend to broadly address management activities likely to influence the persistence of forest carnivore populations. The information we have drawn upon is limited and often derived from studies conducted over brief time periods with insufficient replication and small sample sizes (see Chapter 1 for further discussion of these limitations). All of the forest carnivores are trapped for their fur within some portion of their geographic range. Because of their status as furbearers, these species require population management involving the regulation of trapping seasons and harvest levels. We will not ignore the need for management of this significant source of mortality, but our primary focus in this chapter will be on the management of habitat. Clearly, habitat management cannot be expected to maintain or increase population levels where trapping pressure is not carefully regulated. It is our hope that an increased awareness among all managers about the conservation status and habitat needs of these carnivores will foster improved cooperation. Federal agencies are responsible for managing much of the habitat occupied by these furbearers. State and provincial agencies are responsible for regulating trapping. These responsibilities cannot be isolated by these agencies if successful conservation strategies are to be developed.

The scientific basis for conserving forest carnivores: American marten, fisher, lynx, and wolverine in the western United States.

It is concluded that E. sibiricensis is the etiologic agent of alveolar hydatid disease in man. The cestode has a wide distribution in Eurasia, and St Lawrence Island apparently represents the north-easternmost extent of its range. The study of the cestode in Europe has been complicated by the co-existence of E. granulosus, which does not occur on St Lawrence Island. Microtine rodents, particularly Microtus spp. and Clethrionomys rutilus, are the natural intermediate hosts of this cestode, although other species of mammals, including man, are parasitized with varying degrees of success on the part of the larval cestode.

/pdf/studies-on-the-helminth-fauna-of-alaska-xxv-the-ecology-and-4p62zjvvck.pdf

Studies on the helminth fauna of Alaska. XXV. The ecology and public health significance of Echinococcus sibiricensis Rausch & Schiller, 1954, on St. Lawrence Island.

Biochemistry of normal and irradiated strains of Hymenolepis diminuta.

An effort was made to obtain a series of each species of mammal occurring in Alaska, with exception of the ungulates. Such specimens were collected over the entire Territory, but most originated above the Arctic Circle. Many mammals were secured through the cooperation of Eskimo and Indian trappers, who held the frozen carcasses of animals taken for their fur until they could be brought to the laboratory in Anchorage. In some instances, only muscle tissue of animals, with collecting data, was preserved. The personnel of the Zoonotic Disease Section also collected large numbers of mammals. Dogs were generally obtained when those no longer serviceable were destroyed, but some were purchased for this study. Although some autopsies were performed in the field, most of the animals were brought entire to the laboratory. For the purposes of this work, several grams of striated muscle were taken, routinely from the diaphragm, at the autopsy of each animal. These samples were frozen and stored for later processing. The larvae were usually dead when isolated. The presence of Trichinella larvae was determined through the artificial digestion of tissue samples. For this purpose, the tissue was chopped with a knife into small pieces, placed in a solution of pepsin and hydrochloric acid, and incubated at 37? C. with constant agitation for 24 hours. The resulting fluid was poured through a fine-mesh screen to remove any undigested material and was allowed to stand in graduated cylinders until any larvae present settled out. The supernatant fluid was siphoned off, the residue placed in watch glasses with a few drops of 10 percent

/pdf/studies-on-the-helminth-fauna-of-alaska-xxvii-the-occurrence-mpw2w8hv5u.pdf

Everett L. Schiller

Papers

Studies on the helminth fauna of Alaska. XXV. The ecology and public health significance of Echinococcus sibiricensis Rausch & Schiller, 1954, on St. Lawrence Island.

Biochemistry of normal and irradiated strains of Hymenolepis diminuta.

Studies on the Helminth Fauna of Alaska. XXVII. The Occurrence of Larvae of Trichinella spiralis in Alaskan Mammals

A simplified method for the in vitro cultivation of the rat tapeworm, hymenolepis diminuta.

Extracellular cultivation of the leishmanial bodies of species belonging to the protozoan genus leishmania.