物件導向軟體之架構(Object-Oriented Software Construction)探討

The demarcation of science from other intellectual activities-long an analytic problem for philosophers and sociologists-is here examined as a practical problem for scientists. Construction of a boundary between science and varieties of non-science is useful for scientists' pursuit of professional goals: acquisition of intellectual authority and career opportunities; denial of these resources to "pseudoscientists"; and protection of the autonomy of scientific research from political interference. "Boundary-work" describes an ideological style found in scientists' attempts to create a public image for science by contrasting it favorably to non-scientific intellectual or technical activities. Alternative sets of characteristics available for ideological attribution to science reflect ambivalences or strains within the institution: science can be made to look empirical or theoretical, pure or applied. However, selection of one or another description depends on which characteristics best achieve the demarcation in a way that justifies scientists' claims to authority or resources. Thus, "science" is no single thing: its boundaries are drawn and redrawn inflexible, historically changing and sometimes ambiguous ways.

Boundary-Work and the Demarcation of Science from Non-Science: Strains and Interests in Professional Ideologies of Scientists

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The social constructionist movement in modern psychology

Assisted reproductive technology (ART) makes babies and parents at once. Drawing on science and technology studies, feminist theory, and historical and ethnographic analyses of ART clinics, Charis Thompson explores the intertwining of biological reproduction with the personal, political, and technological meanings of reproduction. She analyzes the "ontological choreography" at ART clinics -- the dynamics by which technical, scientific, kinship, gender, emotional, legal, political, financial, and other matters are coordinated -- using ethnographic data to address questions usually treated in the abstract. Reproductive technologies, says Thompson, are part of the increasing tendency to turn social problems into biomedical questions and can be used as a lens through which to see the resulting changes in the relations between science and society. After giving an account of the book's disciplinary roots in science and technology studies and in feminist scholarship on reproduction, Thompson comes to the ethnographic heart of her study. She develops her concept of ontological choreography by examining ART's normalization of "miraculous" technology (including the etiquette of technological sex); gender identity in the assigned roles of mother and father and the conservative nature of gender relations in the clinic; the naturalization of technologically assisted kinship and procreative intent; and patients' pursuit of agency through objectification and technology. Finally, Thompson explores the economies of reproductive technologies, concluding with a speculative and polemical look at the "biomedical mode of reproduction" as a predictor of future relations between science and society.

Making Parents: The Ontological Choreography of Reproductive Technologies

buku ini berisi tentang aplikasi perspektif psikologi positif, sejarah dan dasar filsafat, praktek cara hidup sehat, belajar mengajar, positif psikologi dalam bekerja, psikologi positif dalam ruang konsultasi dan lain-lain

Positive psychology in practice

I: The Institutionalisation of the Sciences: Changing Concepts and Approaches in the History and Sociology of Science.- The Social Construction of Scientific Knowledge.- The Social Construction of Science: Institutionalisation and Definition of Positive Science in the Latter Half of the Seventeenth Century.- Problems of a Historical Study of Science.- Scientific Ideology and Scientific Process: The Natural History of a Conceptual Shift.- II: Social Relations of Cognitive Structures in the Sciences.- Ontological and Epistemological Commitments and Social Relations in the Sciences: The Case of the Arithmomorphic System of Scientific Production.- Cognitive Norms, Knowledge- Interests and the Constitution of the Scientific Object: A Case Study in the Functioning of Rules for Experimentation.- Changes in the Social and Intellectual Organisation of the Sciences: Professionalisation and the Arithmetic Ideal.- What Does a Proof Do If It Does Not Prove? A Study of the Social Conditions and Metaphysical Divisions Leading to David Bohm and John von Neumann Failing to Communicate in Quantum Physics.- III: Social Goals, Political Programmes and Scientific Norms.- The Political Direction of Scientific Development.- Scientific Purity and Nuclear Danger: The Case of Risk-Assessment.- Creation vs Evolution: The Politics of Science Education.

The Social production of scientific knowledge

In the closing pages of her remarkable study of Giordano Bruno, Frances Yates set forth the critical problem of modern science: 
The basic difference between the attitude of the magician to the world and the attitude of the scientist to the world is that the former wants to draw the world into himself, whilst the scientist does just the opposite, he externalizes and impersonalizes the world… Hence, may it not be supposed, when mechanics and mathematics took over from animism and magic, it was this internalisation, this intimate connection of the mens with the world, which had to be avoided at all costs. And, hence, it may be suggested, through the necessity for this strong reaction, the mistake arose of allowing the problem of mind to fall so completely out of step and so far behind the problem of matter in the external world and how it works… This bad start of the problem of knowledge has never quite been made up (1).

The Social Construction of Scientific Knowledge

Introduction: Metaphors: Is There a Bridge over Troubled Waters? S. Maasen, E. Mendelsohn, P. Weingart. Part I: Metaphors Revalued. Who is Afraid of Metaphors? S. Maasen. How Nature became the Other: Anthropomorphism and Anthropocentrism in Early Modern Natural Philosophy L. Daston. The Manifest and the Scientific R. Falk. The Nexus of Animal and Rational: Sociobiology, Language, and the Enlightenment Study of Apes R. Wokler. Part II: `Struggle'. Social Metaphors in Evolutionary Biology, 1870--1930: the Wider Dimension of Social Darwinism P.J. Bowler. `Struggle for Existence': Selection and Retention of a Metaphor P. Weingart. Part III: `Evolution' and `Organism'. The Importance of the Concepts of `Organism' and `Evolution' in Emile Durkheim's Division of Social Labor and the Influence of Herbert Spencer P.M. Hejl. Herbert Spencer: Biology, Sociology, and Cosmic Evolution A. la Vergata. The Superorganism Metaphor: Then and Now S.D. Mitchell. Defining the Organism in the Welfare State: the Politics of Individuality in American Culture, 1890--1950 G. Mitman. Part V: Economics. A Plague upon Your House: Commercial Crisis and Epidemic Disease in Victorian England T.L. Alborn. Evolutionary Metaphors in Explanations of American Industrial Competition M.S. Morgan. Biological and Physical Metaphors in Economics G.M. Hodgson.

Biology as society, society as biology : metaphors

III Transformation of Industry and Medicine.- The Role of the Military in the Electrification of Russia 1870-1890.- World War II and the Transformation of the American Chemical Industry.- Between Cowardice and Insanity: Shellshock and the Legitimation of the Neuroses in Great Britain.- IV Nuclear Weapons and Nuclear Power.- The Development of the First Atomic Bomb in the USSR.- 'Over My Dead Body': James Bryant Conant and the Hydrogen Bomb.- A Crystal Ball in the Shadows of Nuremberg and Hiroshima: The Ethical Debate Over Human Experimentation to Develop a Nuclear Powered Bomber, 1946-1951.- V R&D: Military, Industry and the Academy.- An Analytical Look at R&D and the Arms Race.- The Government of Military R&D in Britain.- The Government of Military R&D: A Comparative Perspective.- The Making of an Entrepreneurial University: The Traffic Among M.I.T. and the Industry and the Military, 1860-1960.

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Everett Mendelsohn

Papers

The Social production of scientific knowledge

The Social Construction of Scientific Knowledge

Biology as society, society as biology : metaphors

Science, Technology and the Military

Sciences and Cultures