http://antonirogalski.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/Infrared-detectors-Status-and-trends.pdf

Infrared detectors: status and trends

This review describes bolometric detectors for infrared and millimeter waves. The introduction sketches the history of modern bolometers, indicates how they fit into the more general class of thermal detectors, and describes the types of applications for which they are the optimum solution. Section I is a tutorial introduction to the elementary theories of bolometer response, of thermal radiation, and of bolometer noise. Important results are derived from the laws of thermal physics in the simplest possible way. The more rigorous theories of bolometer response and noise that are required for quantitative understanding and optimization are then summarized. This material is intended to provide the background required by workers who wish to choose the appropriate bolometer technology for a given measurement, or to evaluate a novel technology. Section II, then describes the various components of an efficient bolometer and gives details of the fabrication and performance of modern bolometers. This discussion f...

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Bolometers for infrared and millimeter waves

(1967). Electrons in disordered structures. Advances in Physics: Vol. 16, No. 61, pp. 49-144.

Electrons in disordered structures

Hitherto, two distinct families of multielement detector arrays have been used for infrared (IR) imaging system applications: linear arrays for scanning systems (first generation) and two-dimensional arrays for staring systems (second generation). Nowadays, third-generation IR systems are being developed which, in the common understanding, provide enhanced capabilities such as larger numbers of pixels, higher frame rates, better thermal resolution, multicolor functionality, and/or other on-chip signal-processing functions. In this paper, fundamental and technological issues associated with the development and exploitation of third-generation IR photon detectors are discussed. In this class of detectors the two main competitors, HgCdTe photodiodes and quantum-well photoconductors, are considered. This is followed by discussions focused on the most recently developed focal plane arrays based on type-II strained-layer superlattices and quantum dot IR photodetectors. The main challenges facing multicolor devi...

Third-generation infrared photodetector arrays

Infrared detectors: an overview

The Detection and Measurement of Infrared Radiation

The detection and measurement of infra-red radiation,

The system of ground-controlled blind-bombing used by the Pathfinder Force of Bomber Command of the Royal Air Force since December 1942, and later by the United States IXth Air Force, is described in detail.The system enables an aircraft flying at a height of 30,000 ft to be controlled from pulse ground stations up to a range of nearly 300 miles, and to drop its bombs with great accuracy.Trials undertaken on bombing ranges in this country show that for an aircraft flying at 300 m.p.h. at a range of 110 miles, the average radial error for bombs dropped from 6,000 ft is 45 yd, and for bombs dropped from 25,000 ft is 100 yd. For a similar aircraft flying at a range of 250 miles the average radial error for bombs dropped from a height of 30,000 ft is 150 yd.Of the bombing error about 10% is taken up by the system errors, 45% by flying errors, 30% by inaccuracies in meteorological wind forecasts and 15% by bomb ballistic errors.

F. E. Jones

Papers

The Detection and Measurement of Infrared Radiation

The detection and measurement of infra-red radiation,

Oboe: a precision ground-controlled blind-bombing system