Advances in alternative cementitious binders

Geopolymerization is a developing field of research for utilizing solid waste and by-products. It provides a mature and cost-effective solution to many problems where hazardous residue has to be treated and stored under critical environmental conditions. Geopolymer involves the silicates and aluminates of by-products to undergo process of geopolymerization. It is environmentally friendly and need moderate energy to produce. This review presents the work carried out on the chemical reaction, the source materials, and the factor affecting geopolymerization. Literature demonstrates that certain mix compositions and reaction conditions such as Al2O3/SiO2, alkali concentration, curing temperature with curing time, water/solid ratio and pH significantly influences the formation and properties of a geopolymer. It is utilized to manufacture precast structures and non-structural elements, concrete pavements, concrete products and immobilization of toxic metal bearing waste that are resistant to heat and aggressive environment. Geopolymers gain 70% of the final strength in first 3–4 h of curing.

Mechanism of geopolymerization and factors influencing its development: a review

The development of new, sustainable, low-CO2 construction materials is essential if the global construction industry is to reduce the environmental footprint of its activities, which is incurred particularly through the production of Portland cement. One type of non-Portland cement that is attracting particular attention is based on alkali-aluminosilicate chemistry, including the class of binders that have become known as geopolymers. These materials offer technical properties comparable to those of Portland cement, but with a much lower CO2 footprint and with the potential for performance advantages over traditional cements in certain niche applications. This review discusses the synthesis of alkali-activated binders from blast furnace slag, calcined clay (metakaolin), and fly ash, including analysis of the chemical reaction mechanisms and binder phase assemblages that control the early-age and hardened properties of these materials, in particular initial setting and long-term durability. Perspectives fo...

Geopolymers and Related Alkali-Activated Materials

http://jultika.oulu.fi/files/nbnfi-fe2017112150815.pdf

One-part alkali-activated materials : a review

The effects of ground granulated blast-furnace slag blending with fly ash and activator content on the workability and strength properties of geopolymer concrete cured at ambient temperature

The history of calcareous cements Portland cements - classification, raw materials and processes of manufacture cement components and their phase relations the structure and cementing qualities of cement compounds the constitution of Portland cement the burning of Portland cement the hydration of Portland cement the setting and hardening of Portland cement resistance of concrete to natural destructive agencies physical and mechanical properties of Portland cement pozzolanas and pozzolanic cements cements made from blast furnace slag high alumina cement some special cements and cement properties cement admixtures concrete aggregates.

F. M. Lea

Papers

Lea's chemistry of cement and concrete